Reconstruction of the Ancient Numeral System in Basque Language

Philology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2018) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
FERNANDO GOMEZ-ACEDO ◽  
ENEKO GOMEZ-ACEDO
Keyword(s):  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Counting System ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Diachronic Development ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract In this work a new insight into the reconstruction of the original forms of the first Basque cardinal numbers is presented and the identified original meaning of the names given to the numbers is shown. The method used is the internal reconstruction, using for the etymologies words that existed and still exist in Basque and other words reconstructed from the proto-Basque. As a result of this work it has been discovered that initially the numbers received their name according to a specific and logic procedure. According to this ancient method of designation, each cardinal number received its name based on the hand sign used to represent it, thus describing the position adopted by the fingers of the hand to represent each number. Finally, the different stages of numerical formation are shown, which demonstrate a long and diachronic development of the whole counting system.

Roman Religion 1910–1960

1960 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Religious Experience ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Young Scholar ◽  
Roman Religion ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Insight Into

When, in 1911, the first volume of JRS appeared it contained among other matter an article by W. Warde Fowler on ‘The Original Meaning of the word Sacer’. This was later (1920) reprinted in Roman Essays and Interpretations, 15–24, and is characteristic of its author, not only because of its keen insight into Roman ways of thought and full acquaintance with the relevant passages in Latin authors, but in its cautious and moderate use of the Comparative Method in dealing with the history of an ancient and imperfectly known religion. A scrap of Polynesian information on the meaning of ‘tabu’ was got from R. R. Marett, whose Threshold of Religion was then a new book (1909), and whom Warde Fowler knew and appreciated. About this time, Fowler, who was meditating an elaborate edition of Plutarch, a project which his failing sight compelled him to drop, passed on to me some notes on the Roman Questions (see below, p. 163), a typical piece of readiness to help and advise a young scholar. So far as his contributions to Roman religion went, the first two decades of this century were his flowering-time. Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic had appeared in 1899; his Gifford Lectures of 1909–10 appeared in book form (The Religious Experience of the Roman People) just in time to have a cordial and appreciative review from E. R. Bevan in the first number of JRS.

scholarly journals Sistem Bilangan Beberapa Bahasa di Wilayah Papua, NTT, dan Maluku Utara

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Sri Winarti
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Number System ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Regional Language ◽  
Numeral Systems ◽  
Regional Languages

This paper wishes to describe the numeral systems in the regions of Papua, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) and North Maluku, namely Marind language (Papua), Tarfia language (Papua), Alor language (NTT), Adang language (NTT), Eastern Makian language (North Maluku) and Ternate language (North Maluku). This paper aims to determine the similarities and the differences among the six languages. This research uses a qualitative method. The result of this study is explaining that all those six languages have unique numeral systems, which differs from one regional language to other regional languages. Although they are different, the six languages also have similarities, that is they have cardinal numbers and the development of cardinal numbers. The lexical shapes used in the six languages in forming the numbers can be grouped into two, namely (1) the cardinal number and (2) the development of the cardinal number. The cardinal numbers in the six languages can be grouped into two parts, namely (1) languages that fall under the category of less-than-en cardinal number system and (2) the languages that fall under the category of ten cardinal numbers. Abstrak Makalah ini mendeskripsikan sistem bilangan beberapa bahasa di wilayah Papua, Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT), dan Maluku Utara, yaitu bahasa Marind (Papua), bahasa Tarfia (Papua), bahasa Alor (NTT), bahasa Adang (NTT), bahasa Makian Timur (Maluku Utara), dan bahasa Ternate (Maluku Utara). Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesamaan dan perbedaan keenam bahasa-bahasa tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Temuan yang didapat dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa keenam bahasa tersebut memiliki sistem bilangan yang khas, yang berbeda antara satu bahasa daerah dengan bahasa daerah lainnya. Walaupun berbeda, keenam bahasa-bahasa itu juga memiliki kesamaan, yaitu sama-sama memiliki bilangan pokok dan pengembangan bilangan pokok. Bentuk leksikal yang digunakan pada keenam bahasa tersebut dalam membentuk bilangan-bilangan dapat dikelompokkan atas dua, yaitu (1) bilangan pokok dan (2) pengembangan bilangan pokok. Bilangan pokok pada keenam bahasa itu dapat dikelompokkan atas dua bagian, yaitu (1) bahasa-bahasa yang termasuk kategori sistem bilangan pokok yang kurang dari sepuluh dan (2) bahasa-bahasa yang termasuk kategori bilangan pokok sepuluh. 

scholarly journals A New Approach To Traditional Chinese Astronomy

1988 ◽  
Vol 133 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
J. Kistemaker ◽  
Yang Zhengzong
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Celestial Equator ◽  
Cardinal Directions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Insight Into

We have made a systematic investigation of the traditional Chinese stellar sky, using Yi-Shitong's precise stellar maps at the Amsterdam Zeiss Planetarium, reproducing the positions of pole, hour circles and equator for any epoch between 1000 and 3000 BC at the latitude of Xian.The right ascensions of the 28 boundary hour circles of the traditional lunar lodges, as well as the declinations of the various determinative stars, give insight into the possible original meaning of star names and ages. The four cardinal directions along the celestial equator (α Hya, η Tau, β Aqr and Sco) fit best with 2250±50 years BC.

On representing sets of an almost disjoint family of sets

1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-393
Author(s):  
P. Komjath ◽  
E. C. Milner
Keyword(s):  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Disjoint Family ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Almost Disjoint ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Almost Disjoint Family

For cardinal numbers λ, K, ∑ a (λ, K)-family is a family of sets such that || = and |A| = K for every A ε , and a (λ, K, ∑)-family is a (λ,K)-family such that |∪| = ∑. Two sets A, B are said to be almost disjoint ifand an almost disjoint family of sets is a family whose members are pairwise almost disjoint. A representing set of a family is a set X ⊆ ∪ such that X ∩ A = ⊘ for each A ε . If is a family of sets and |∪| = ∑, then we write εADR() to signify that is an almost disjoint family of ∑-sized representing sets of . Also, we define a cardinal number

Number Forms in the Brain

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1547-1556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joey Tang ◽  
Jamie Ward ◽  
Brian Butterworth
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Number Magnitude ◽  
Neuroimaging Study ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Important Extension ◽  
Anterior Intraparietal Sulcus ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Number Form

Mental images of number lines, Galton's “number forms” (NF), are a useful way of investigating the relation between number and space. Here we report the first neuroimaging study of number-form synesthesia, investigating 10 synesthetes with NFs going from left to right compared with matched controls. Neuroimaging with functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed no difference in brain activation during a task focused on number magnitude but, in a comparable task on number order, synesthetes showed additional activations in the left and right posterior intraparietal sulci, suggesting that NFs are essentially ordinal in nature. Our results suggest that there are separate but partially overlapping neural circuits for the processing of ordinal and cardinal numbers, irrespective of the presence of an NF, but a core region in the anterior intraparietal sulcus representing (cardinal) number meaning appears to be activated autonomously, irrespective of task. This article provides an important extension beyond previous studies that have focused on word-color or grapheme-color synesthesia.

Singular Cardinals and the PCF Theory

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 408-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Jech
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Natural Generalization ◽  
Large Cardinals ◽  
Infinite Cardinal ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Pcf Theory ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Singular Cardinals ◽  
The Rich

§1. Introduction. Among the most remarkable discoveries in set theory in the last quarter century is the rich structure of the arithmetic of singular cardinals, and its deep relationship to large cardinals. The problem of finding a complete set of rules describing the behavior of the continuum function 2ℵα for singular ℵα's, known as the Singular Cardinals Problem, has been attacked by many different techniques, involving forcing, large cardinals, inner models, and various combinatorial methods. The work on the singular cardinals problem has led to many often surprising results, culminating in a beautiful theory of Saharon Shelah called the pcf theory (“pcf” stands for “possible cofinalities”). The most striking result to date states that if 2ℵn < ℵω for every n = 0, 1, 2, …, then 2ℵω < ℵω4. In this paper we present a brief history of the singular cardinals problem, the present knowledge, and an introduction into Shelah's pcf theory. In Sections 2, 3 and 4 we introduce the reader to cardinal arithmetic and to the singular cardinals problems. Sections 5, 6, 7 and 8 describe the main results and methods of the last 25 years and explain the role of large cardinals in the singular cardinals problem. In Section 9 we present an outline of the pcf theory. §2. The arithmetic of cardinal numbers. Cardinal numbers were introduced by Cantor in the late 19th century and problems arising from investigations of rules of arithmetic of cardinal numbers led to the birth of set theory. The operations of addition, multiplication and exponentiation of infinite cardinal numbers are a natural generalization of such operations on integers. Addition and multiplication of infinite cardinals turns out to be simple: when at least one of the numbers κ, λ is infinite then both κ + λ and κ·λ are equal to max {κ, λ}. In contrast with + and ·, exponentiation presents fundamental problems. In the simplest nontrivial case, 2κ represents the cardinal number of the power set P(κ), the set of all subsets of κ. (Here we adopt the usual convention of set theory that the number κ is identified with a set of cardinality κ, namely the set of all ordinal numbers smaller than κ.

scholarly journals Comparing set-to-number and number-to-set measures of cardinal number knowledge in preschool children using latent variable modeling

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Mou ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Manuela Piazza ◽  
Daniel C. Hyde
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Level Performance ◽  
Number Knowledge

Children’s understanding of the cardinal numbers before entering school provides the foundation for formal mathematics learning. Two types of tasks have been primarily used to measure children’s knowledge of cardinal numbers: set-to-number and number-to-set tasks. However, there has been a continued debate as to whether the two types of tasks measure the same conceptual construct, allowing comparison and interchangeable use, or whether they measure different but related constructs. To answer this question, we analyzed the relation between task and item level performance on representative set-to-number (e.g., How-Many?) and number-to-set (Give-N) tasks in a large group of 3- to 4-year-old preschoolers (N = 204, median age = 3y 10m). By constructing and comparing models with different latent variable structures, we found that the best-fitting model was a bi-factor model, where performance on set-to-number and number-to-set tasks is best explained by both overlapping and some distinct aspects of cardinal number knowledge. Further analyses ruled out the idea that differences between tasks were due solely to non-numerical, general cognitive or language factors. Together these results suggest that set-to-number and number-to-set tasks have some commonalities but also retain at least some significant conceptual distinctness. Based on these results, we suggest these two types of tasks should no longer be used indiscriminately to inform theory or educational assessment of numerical abilities in preschool children.

scholarly journals τ-metrizable spaces

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
A.C. Megaritis
Keyword(s):  
Metric Space ◽  
Metric Spaces ◽  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Metrizable Space ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Metrizable Spaces

<p>In [1], A. A. Borubaev introduced the concept of τ-metric space, where τ is an arbitrary cardinal number. The class of τ-metric spaces as τ runs through the cardinal numbers contains all ordinary metric spaces (for τ = 1) and thus these spaces are a generalization of metric spaces. In this paper the notion of τ-metrizable space is considered.</p>

On cardinal numbers associated with locally compact Abelian groups

1965 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Reade
Keyword(s):  
Topological Group ◽  
Abelian Groups ◽  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Locally Compact ◽  
Locally Compact Abelian Groups ◽  
Cardinal Numbers ◽  
Compact Abelian Groups ◽  
Image Position

We are concerned in this work with the following question:Suppose that i is a continuous algebraic isomorphism from the topological group H onto a subgroup of the topological group G and suppose that the image i(H) is not closed in G; then what can we say about the cardinal numberWe observe two easy results.

Dostoyevsky: Psychology and the Novelist

1983 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 95-114
Author(s):  
İlham Dilman
Keyword(s):  
George Eliot ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
University Faculty ◽  
The Real ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Insight Into

In a lecture on ‘Science and Psychology’ Dr Drury distinguishes between ‘a psychology which has insight into individual characters’ and ‘a psychology which is concerned with the scientific study of universal types’, one which comprises ‘those subjects that are studied in a university faculty of psychology’. The former, and not the latter, he says, is psychology in ‘the original meaning of the word’. ‘We might say of a great novelist such as Tolstoy or George Eliot (he goes on) that they show profound psychological insight into the characters they depict … In general, it is the great novelists, dramatists, biographers, historians, that are the real psychologists.’

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