scholarly journals Relative Clause Formation in Akan Proverbs and Sentences: Similarities and Differences

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-128
Author(s):  
Isaac Oduro ◽  
Olivia Donkor
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Structure Type ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Resumptive Pronouns ◽  
Syntactic Position ◽  
Similarities And Differences

This paper discusses relative clause formation in Akan proverbs and normal sentences with particular attention to their similarities and differences. It explores the comparison of the relative clauses in Akan sentences and other specialized genres such as the proverbs. The paper further analyzes the relative clause occurring in both sentence and proverb structures in order to establish sameness and dichotomy in the syntactic uniqueness in both structures. Purposive sampling technique was employed to select the proverbs for this study. In all, twenty-three (23) proverbs were selected for the study. The study adopted the functional grammar approach in the analysis. The study revealed that the relative clause formation in some Akan proverbs and Akan normal sentences has both overt and covert antecedent noun phrases (ANPs). The headless antecedent noun phrase which is seen as a pronominal also undergoes binary mutation in order to account for the antecedent noun phrase and the relativizer which introduces the relative clause. There are also differences in the syntactic positions of the relative clause more especially the sentence structure type. Finally, there is a difference in the syntactic position of the resumptive pronouns in both structures.

scholarly journals URUTAN DAN BENTUK KONSTITUEN KLAUSA BAHASA PRANCIS DAN BAHASA INDONESIA

Diksi ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marliza Arsiyana ◽  
Pratomo Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Research Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Victor Hugo ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Object A ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Prepositional Object ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan persamaan dan perbedaan urutan dan bentuk konstituen klausa dengan memokuskan pada klausa transitif BP dan BI berikut frase nominalnya sebagai argumen dalam klausa. Sumber data penelitian ini berupa teks tulis, yakni novel Le Dernier Jour d’Un Condamné karangan Victor Hugo dan terjemahannya oleh Lady Lesmana dengan judul “Hari Terakhir Seorang Terpidana Mati”. Metode analisis data menggunakan metode agih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan urutan dasar klausa BP dan BI bertipe sama, yaitu verba mendahului objek. Perbedaannya pada sifat argumen objek. Pada BP objek berpreposisi termasuk dalam konstituen inti sedangkan dalam BI termasuk konstituen periferal. Pada BP, konstituen  Nod dan Np yang berupa pronominal berada di depan  verba, sedangkan dalam BI konstituen Nod dan Noi selalu di belakang verba. Pada tataran frase nominal, perbedaan terletak pada urutan modifikator demonstratif, dan pronomina persona. Pada BP sebelum nomina inti, sedangkan pada BI setelah nomina inti. Modifikator ekasilaba dan dwisilaba dalam BP terletak di depan nomina inti, sedangkan adjektiva yang lebih dari dua silaba, dan adjektiva yang berkaitan dengan warna, agama, dan verba partisif terletak di belakang nomina inti. Sementara itu, adjektiva dalam BI terletak setelah nomina inti.Kata Kunci: urutan dan bentuk konstituen, klausa, frase nomina, sintaks WORDS ORDERS IN FRENCH AND BAHASA INDONESIA CLAUSESABSTRACTThis research aims at analyzing the similarities and differences of the words orders and their forms in the transitive clauses and its argument, noun phrases, between French and Bahasa Indonesia. The research data resources are taken from written texts i.e.: The novel Le dernier jour d’un comdamné à mort by Victor Hugo and its translation Hari Terakhir Seorang Terpidana Mati by Lady Lesmana. This research uses “segmenting immediate constituent technique” to analyse the data. The result shows that French and Bahasa Indonesia have the same basic words orders in transitive clauses, i.e. verbs precede the object. The differences are found in the characteristic of the object. A prepositional object in French is categorized as the main argument, while in Bahasa Indonesia it is a peripheral argument. The position of Nod and Np constituent, which are pronominal, in French precedes the verb, whereas, in Bahasa Indonesia, they are always placed after the verb. Regarding the noun phrase, the differences are found at the position of demonstrative and possessive modifiers. Their position in French is placed before the main noun, while in Bahasa Indonesia after the main noun. The adjectives with one or two syllables are placed before the main noun and the adjectives with more than two syllables or the adjective related to color, religion, and participles are placed after the main noun. On the other hand, adjective in Bahasa Indonesia is always placed after the main noun.Keywords: words orders and form, clause, noun phrase, syntax

The correspondence between sentence production and corpus frequencies in modifier attachment

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 879-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Desmet ◽  
Marc Brysbaert ◽  
Constantijn De Baecke
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Syntactic Ambiguity ◽  
Attachment Preference ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Relative Clause Attachment

We examined the production of relative clauses in sentences with a complex noun phrase containing two possible attachment sites for the relative clause (e.g., “Someone shot the servant of the actress who was on the balcony.”). On the basis of two corpus analyses and two sentence continuation tasks, we conclude that much research about this specific syntactic ambiguity has used complex noun phrases that are quite uncommon. These noun phrases involve the relationship between two humans and, at least in Dutch, induce a different attachment preference from noun phrases referring to non-human entities. We provide evidence that the use of this type of complex noun phrase may have distorted the conclusions about the processes underlying relative clause attachment. In addition, it is shown that, notwithstanding some notable differences between sentence production in the continuation task and in coherent text writing, there seems to be a remarkable correspondence between the attachment patterns obtained with both modes of production.

scholarly journals Compare noun phrases in Stieng language and Vietnamese

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. First
Author(s):  
Phan Thanh Tam
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Mass Nouns ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
Closed Contact ◽  
Similarities And Differences

This article presents about structural features of the noun phrase in Stieng language in order to define the similarities and differences points between the noun phrase in Stieng language and noun phrase in Vietnamese. Noun phrase has a central component, previous sub-components, and the following sub-components. Also, it has played a role in creating a sentence. Base on situations in communication, the noun phrase may be previous vacant sub-components or following sub-components, but it can not be removed from the central component. The central component is mass nouns like as simple nouns, overall nouns, or abstract nouns. The previous sub-component includes quality words, numerals, or unit nouns. The following sub-component can be a noun, verb, pronoun, phrase, and followed by a demonstrative word. Stieng is a language of South Bahnaric subgroup, an Austroasiatic family, so there are many similarities with other languages such as Koho, Mnong, Ma, and Chrau. They belong to the Austroasiatic family, so they are closed contact with the Vietnamese.

Recognition of Tibetan Maximal-length Noun Phrases Based on Syntax Tree

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Congjun Long ◽  
Xuewen Zhou ◽  
Maoke Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Structure Type ◽  
Maximal Length ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Syntax Tree ◽  
Type Boundary

Frequently corresponding to syntactic components, the Maximal-length Noun Phrase (MNP) possesses abundant syntactic and semantic information and acts a certain semantic role in sentences. Recognition of MNP plays an important role in Natural Language Processing and lays the foundation for analyzing and understanding sentence structure and semantics. By comparing the essence of different MNPs, this article defines the MNP in the Tibetan language from the perspective of syntax tree. A total of 6,038 sentences are extracted from the syntax tree corpus, the structure type, boundary feature, and frequency of MNPs are analyzed, and the MNPs are recognized by applying the sequence tagging model and the syntactic analysis model. The accuracy, recall, and F1 score of the recognition results of applying sequence tagging model are 87.14%, 84.72%, and 85.92%, respectively. The accuracy, recall, and F1 score of the recognition results of applying syntactic analysis model are 87.66%, 87.63%, and 87.65%, respectively.

scholarly journals Presupposition in Ghanaian and British Newspaper editorials

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-45
Author(s):  
James Gyimah Manu
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Existential Presupposition ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Guardian ◽  
Newspaper Editorials

The paper explores presupposition and its triggers in Ghanaian and British newspaper editorials. Using a model proposed by Khaleel (2010:529) based on Karttunen (n.d.) and Yule (1996), the researcher analysed thirty (30) editorials from the Daily Guide (Ghanaian) and The Guardian (British) which were published in 2017. The analysis revealed some similarities and differences in the Ghanaian and British newspaper editorials. It was found that the frequently used trigger of the existential presupposition in both newspapers is the definite noun phrase. Again, it was found that the most used to trigger structural presupposition is the relative clause. The noticeable difference between the two is that in the Daily Guide, the structural presupposition is the most triggered (46.1%) whilst the existential presupposition (69.8%) is the most triggered in The Guardian.

scholarly journals Case Markers in Mongolian: A Means for Encoding Null Constituents in Noun Phrase and Relative Clause

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Tseden Otgonsuren
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Early Observation ◽  
Head Noun ◽  
Case Marker ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
Case Markers

This paper focuses on the capacity of the case markers in the Mongolian language, as a relative element, to generate any finite noun phrase or relative clause based on their syntactic function or relationship. In Mongolian, there are two different approaches to generate noun phrases: parataxis and hypotaxis. According to my early observation, if the noun phrase generated through the parataxis, is the complement of the postpositional phrase, the head word of the relevant noun phrase can be truncated. In other words, since this head noun is governed by case marker in its null form to generate the postpositional phrase, the head noun can be encoded.  The second approach generates two different types of noun phrases in their structures: free structured and non-free structured noun phrases. Of them, the free structured noun phrase allows any syntactic transformations in their internal structure based on the senses of the case markers which denote a relation. That is to say, the null constituents in this type of noun phrases can be encoded to generate an extended alternative of the noun phrase and a relative clause.    

scholarly journals Similarities and differences between two Hungarian particles for also: szintén and is

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 74-91
Author(s):  
Judit Farkas ◽  
Bettina Futó ◽  
Aliz Huszics ◽  
Judit Kleiber ◽  
Mónika Dóla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Dynamic Theory ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Propositional Truth ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Syntactic Differences ◽  
Core Meaning ◽  
Semantic Properties

The paper provides a comparative analysis of the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of two Hungarian particles with the same logical core meaning also: is and szintén. The analysis yields important theoretical implications since it demonstrates how two particles sharing the same logical-propositional/truth-functional core meaning can expand into two different markers. In discourse, is acts as an intensional/metacognitive pragmatic marker in the sense as proposed by Aijmer et al. (2006), while szintén functions as a coherence-signaling discourse marker. The two particles share certain syntactic-semantic properties: neither of them can be followed by a topic, they both have distributive meaning, and both of them can pertain to the noun phrase that they immediately follow, as well as to ordered n-tuples of noun phrases. However, there are also syntactic and pragmasemantic differences between them. Namely, their ordered n-tuples have different word orders; is can function as a pragmatic marker while szintén cannot; szintén can appear as a separate clause, while is cannot (this is presumably related to the fact that szintén can be stressed, while is is obligatorily unstressed); and finally, szintén can have a peculiar discourse-preserving function. We explain the syntactic differences between the two particles using the partial spell-out technique of minimalist generative syntacticians (first applied to Hungarian by Surányi 2009), and the Cinque-hierarchy-based approach to Hungarian sentence- and predicate-adverbials (Surányi 2008). We account for the pragmasemantic properties of the pragmatic-marker variant of is in the formal representational dynamic theory of interpretation called ReALIS, already presented in the LingBaW series (Alberti et al. 2016, Kleiber and Alberti 2017, Viszket et al. 2019).

Frase Nomina Bahasa Gorontalo

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfian Usman
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Normal Mapping

The objectives of the study are toidentify the form of  noun phrase inGorontalo language and to analyze the normaland abnormal mapping of noun phrasein Gorontalo language by using tagmemic analysis. The results of the study showthat (1) noun phrases in Gorontalo language consist of (a) N = +Det +H:n; (b) N= +H:n +Mod:n; (c) N = +H:n +Mod:adj; (d) N = +H:n +Mod:v;(4) N = +H:n +Mod:adv; (e) N = +H:n +Qn:qn; (f) N = +H:n +Det:det;(g) Nco = +H1:N/n +C:c (wau) +H2:N/n and Nco= +H1:N +C:c (woli/wole/wolilei/wolemei) +H2:n; (h) N =+H:n +Mod:RA; (i) N = +H:n +Id:rel.Cl; (2) In normal mapping nounphrase fills the subject, object, and complement slot. Abnormal mapping consistsof layering, back-looping and level skipping. In layering, noun phrase filledby noun phrase, adjectival phrase, numeral phrase and relator axis phrase(locational and temporal) as direct element; in back-looping noun phrase isfilled by relative clause as direct element; in level skipping noun phrase isfilled by bound morpheme (possesive marker) as direct element.Keywords:Noun Phrase, Gorontalo Language, Tagmemic Analysis

SYNTACTIC TYPOLOGY OF MULTICOMPONENT VERBAL PHRASEO-COMBINATIONS OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Е.О. Ковыршина
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
German Language ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Syntactic Position ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Concrete Language

Постановка задачи. В статье на материале собранного корпуса фразеологических единиц (в количестве 1828 ФЕ), полученного методом сплошной выборки из немецкоязычных и двуязычных словарей, выделяются и анализируются с синтаксической позиции многокомпонентные фразеоединицы со структурой словосочетания с главным словом - глаголом. Способом буквального перевода определяются синтаксические типы, которые активно используются для создания многокомпонентных глагольных фразеосочетаний (МКГФС), выявляется специфика синтаксических типов немецких ФС и создается синтаксическая типология МКГФС немецкого языка. Результаты. На основе изученного материала было выделено восемь синтаксических типов МКГФС. В ходе исследования с помощью метода квантитативного анализа были установлены наиболее частотные типы структурно-синтаксических схем, активно образующие многокомпонентные глагольные фразеосочетания. Выделение синтаксических типов немецких МКГФС и их анализ позволили установить специфику синтаксической организации МКГФС немецкого языка. Выводы. На основе проведенного исследования была создана синтаксическая типология МКГФС немецкого языка, одного из наиболее многочисленных классов многокомпонентных фразеоединиц с разнообразной синтаксической организацией. Установлено, что в немецком языке существуют специальные синтаксические структуры из трех и более словоформ, которые используются для создания многокомпонентных фразеосочетаний. Анализ МКГФС позволил выявить специфику немецких типов с двумя глагольными компонентами и выделить самый продуктивный, частотный (566 ФС) тип МКГФС со структурой сложного словосочетания. Проведенное исследование и дальнейшее изучение синтаксических типов других многокомпонентых ФЕ - неглагольных типов, ФЕ со структурой предложения позволят расширить и углубить знания о многокомпонентных фразеоединицах, занимающих весомое место в фразеологической системе немецкого языка. Изучение типов структурно-синтаксических схем МКГФС и других многокомпонентных ФЕ, являющихся конкретным языковым воплощением структурной модели ФС, открывает новые перспективы в области синтаксического моделирования немецкого языка. Statement of the problem. In the article on the material of the assembled corpus of phraseological units (in the amount of 1828 PU), obtained by the method of continuous sampling from German-language and bilingual dictionaries, multicomponent phraseological units with a phrase structure with the main word - a verb consisting of three or more components are selected and analyzed from the syntactic position. The method of literal translation determines the syntactic types that are actively used to create multicomponent verbal phraseological combinations (MCVPC), the specificity of syntactic is revealed. types of German PC and syntactic typology of the MCVPC of the German language is created. Results. Based on the material studied, eight syntactic types of MCVPC were distinguished. In the course of the study, using the method of quantitative analysis, the most frequency types of structural-syntactic schemes were established that actively form multicomponent verbal phrase combinations. Syntax type extraction of German MCVPC and their analysis made it possible to establish the specifics of the syntactic organization of the MCVPC of the German language. Conclusion. A syntactic typology of the MCVPC of the German language, one of the most numerous classes of multicomponent phraseological units with a diverse syntactic organization was created on the basis of the study. It is established that in the German language there are special syntactic structures of three or more word forms that are used to create multicomponent phrase combinations. The analysis of MCVPC revealed the specificity of German types with two verb components and highlighted the most productive, frequency (566PC) type of MCVPC with the structure of a complex phrase. The study of the syntactic types of other multicomponent phraseological units - non-verb types, phraseological units with a sentence structure will allow us to expand and deepen our knowledge of multicomponent phraseological units, which occupy a significant place in the phraseological system of the German language. Study of the structural-syntactic schemes types of the MCVPC and other multicomponent phraseological units, which are the concrete language embodiment of the structural model of the FS, opens up new prospects in the field of syntactic modeling of the German language.

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