scholarly journals Rationality, Irrationality, and Wilf Equivalence in Generalized Factor Order

10.37236/88 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Kitaev ◽  
Jeffrey Liese ◽  
Jeffrey Remmel ◽  
Bruce E. Sagan

Let $P$ be a partially ordered set and consider the free monoid $P^*$ of all words over $P$. If $w,w'\in P^*$ then $w'$ is a factor of $w$ if there are words $u,v$ with $w=uw'v$. Define generalized factor order on $P^*$ by letting $u\le w$ if there is a factor $w'$ of $w$ having the same length as $u$ such that $u\le w'$, where the comparison of $u$ and $w'$ is done componentwise using the partial order in $P$. One obtains ordinary factor order by insisting that $u=w'$ or, equivalently, by taking $P$ to be an antichain. Given $u\in P^*$, we prove that the language ${\cal F}(u)=\{w\ :\ w\ge u\}$ is accepted by a finite state automaton. If $P$ is finite then it follows that the generating function $F(u)=\sum_{w\ge u} w$ is rational. This is an analogue of a theorem of Björner and Sagan for generalized subword order. We also consider $P={\Bbb P}$, the positive integers with the usual total order, so that $P^*$ is the set of compositions. In this case one obtains a weight generating function $F(u;t,x)$ by substituting $tx^n$ each time $n\in{\Bbb P}$ appears in $F(u)$. We show that this generating function is also rational by using the transfer-matrix method. Words $u,v$ are said to be Wilf equivalent if $F(u;t,x)=F(v;t,x)$ and we prove various Wilf equivalences combinatorially. Björner found a recursive formula for the Möbius function of ordinary factor order on $P^*$. It follows that one always has $\mu(u,w)=0,\pm1$. Using the Pumping Lemma we show that the generating function $M(u)=\sum_{w\ge u} |\mu(u,w)| w$ can be irrational.

2009 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AK,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey Kitaev ◽  
Jeffrey Liese ◽  
Jeffrey Remmel ◽  
Bruce Sagan

International audience Let $P$ be a partially ordered set and consider the free monoid $P^{\ast}$ of all words over $P$. If $w,w' \in P^{\ast}$ then $w'$ is a factor of $w$ if there are words $u,v$ with $w=uw'v$. Define generalized factor order on $P^{\ast}$ by letting $u \leq w$ if there is a factor $w'$ of $w$ having the same length as $u$ such that $u \leq w'$, where the comparison of $u$ and $w'$ is done componentwise using the partial order in $P$. One obtains ordinary factor order by insisting that $u=w'$ or, equivalently, by taking $P$ to be an antichain. Given $u \in P^{\ast}$, we prove that the language $\mathcal{F}(u)=\{w : w \geq u\}$ is accepted by a finite state automaton. If $P$ is finite then it follows that the generating function $F(u)=\sum_{w \geq u} w$ is rational. This is an analogue of a theorem of Björner and Sagan for generalized subword order. We also consider $P=\mathbb{P}$, the positive integers with the usual total order, so that $\mathbb{P}^{\ast}$ is the set of compositions. In this case one obtains a weight generating function $F(u;t,x)$ by substituting $tx^n$ each time $n \in \mathbb{P}$ appears in $F(u)$. We show that this generating function is also rational by using the transfer-matrix method. Words $u,v$ are said to be Wilf equivalent if $F(u;t,x)=F(v;t,x)$ and we can prove various Wilf equivalences combinatorially. Björner found a recursive formula for the Möbius function of ordinary factor order on $P^{\ast}$. It follows that one always has $\mu (u,w)=0, \pm 1$. Using the Pumping Lemma we show that the generating function $M(u)= \sum_{w \geq u} | \mu (u,w) | w$ can be irrational. Soit $P$ un ensemble partiellement ordonné. Nous considérons le monoïde libre $P^{\ast}$ de tous les mots utilisant $P$ comme alphabet. Si $w,w' \in P^{\ast}$, on dit que $w'$ est un facteur de $w$ s'il y a des mots $u,v$ avec $w=uw'v$. Nous définissons l'ordre facteur généralisé sur $P^{\ast}$ par: $u \leq w$ s'il y a un facteur $w'$ de $w$ ayant la même longueur que $u$ tel que $u \leq w'$, où la comparaison de $u$ avec $w'$ est faite lettre par lettre utilisant l'ordre en $P$. On obtient l'ordre facteur usuel si on insiste que $u=w'$ ou, ce qui est la même chose, en prenant $P$ comme antichaîne. Pour n'importe quel $u \in P^{\ast}$, nous démontrons que le langage $\mathcal{F}(u)=\{w : w \geq u\}$ est accepté par un automaton avec un nombre fini d'états. Si $P$ est fini, ça implique que la fonction génératrice $F(u)=\sum_{w \geq u} w$ est rationnelle. Björner et Sagan ont démontré le théorème analogue pour l'ordre où, en la définition au-dessus, $w'$ est un sous-mot de $w$. Nous considérons aussi le cas $P=\mathbb{P}$, les entiers positifs avec l'ordre usuel, donc $P^{\ast}$ est l'ensemble des compositions. En ce cas on obtient une fonction génératrice pondéré $F(u;t,x)$ en remplaçant $tx^n$ chaque fois on trouve $n \in \mathbb{P}$ en $F(u)$. Nous démontrons que cette fonction génératrice est aussi rationnelle en utilisant la Méthode Matrice de Tranfert. On dit que let mots $u,v$ sont Wilf-équivalents si $F(u;t,x)=F(v;t,x)$. Nous pouvons démontré quelques équivalences dans une manière combinatoire. Björner a trouvé une formule récursive pour la fonction Möbius de l'ordre facteur usuel sur $P^{\ast}$. Cette formule implique qu'on a toujours $\mu (u,w)=0, \pm 1$. En utilisant le Lemme de Pompage, nous démontrons que la fonction génératrice $M(u)= \sum_{w \geq u} | \mu (u,w) | w$ peut être irrationnelle.


1991 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. McCAMMOND

In this article the word problem for certain Burnside semigroups is shown to be decidable. For each word W ∈ A* a nondeterministic, finite-state automaton is constructed. This automaton accepts a word iff it is equivalent to W under the relations Ta = Ta+b, where a and b are fixed positive integers and T is an arbitrary word in A*. The method decides the word problem for those cases where a ≥ 6. The maximal subgroups are shown to be cyclic groups of order b.


2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1343-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANNY CALEGARI ◽  
KOJI FUJIWARA

AbstractA function on a discrete group is weakly combable if its discrete derivative with respect to a combing can be calculated by a finite-state automaton. A weakly combable function is bicombable if it is Lipschitz in both the left- and right-invariant word metrics. Examples of bicombable functions on word-hyperbolic groups include:(1)homomorphisms to ℤ;(2)word length with respect to a finite generating set;(3)most known explicit constructions of quasimorphisms (e.g. the Epstein–Fujiwara counting quasimorphisms).We show that bicombable functions on word-hyperbolic groups satisfy acentral limit theorem: if$\overline {\phi }_n$is the value of ϕ on a random element of word lengthn(in a certain sense), there areEandσfor which there is convergence in the sense of distribution$n^{-1/2}(\overline {\phi }_n - nE) \to N(0,\sigma )$, whereN(0,σ) denotes the normal distribution with standard deviationσ. As a corollary, we show that ifS1andS2are any two finite generating sets forG, there is an algebraic numberλ1,2depending onS1andS2such that almost every word of lengthnin theS1metric has word lengthn⋅λ1,2in theS2metric, with error of size$O(\sqrt {n})$.


2014 ◽  
Vol Vol. 16 no. 1 (Combinatorics) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toufik Mansour ◽  
Mark Shattuck ◽  
Mark Wilson

Combinatorics International audience A composition is a sequence of positive integers, called parts, having a fixed sum. By an m-congruence succession, we will mean a pair of adjacent parts x and y within a composition such that x=y(modm). Here, we consider the problem of counting the compositions of size n according to the number of m-congruence successions, extending recent results concerning successions on subsets and permutations. A general formula is obtained, which reduces in the limiting case to the known generating function formula for the number of Carlitz compositions. Special attention is paid to the case m=2, where further enumerative results may be obtained by means of combinatorial arguments. Finally, an asymptotic estimate is provided for the number of compositions of size n having no m-congruence successions.


2015 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings, 27th... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenny Tevlin

International audience This paper contains two results. First, I propose a $q$-generalization of a certain sequence of positive integers, related to Catalan numbers, introduced by Zeilberger, see Lassalle (2010). These $q$-integers are palindromic polynomials in $q$ with positive integer coefficients. The positivity depends on the positivity of a certain difference of products of $q$-binomial coefficients.To this end, I introduce a new inversion/major statistics on lattice walks. The difference in $q$-binomial coefficients is then seen as a generating function of weighted walks that remain in the upper half-plan. Cet document contient deux résultats. Tout d’abord, je vous propose un $q$-generalization d’une certaine séquence de nombres entiers positifs, liés à nombres de Catalan, introduites par Zeilberger (Lassalle, 2010). Ces $q$-integers sont des polynômes palindromiques à $q$ à coefficients entiers positifs. La positivité dépend de la positivité d’une certaine différence de produits de $q$-coefficients binomial.Pour ce faire, je vous présente une nouvelle inversion/major index sur les chemins du réseau. La différence de $q$-binomial coefficients est alors considérée comme une fonction de génération de trajets pondérés qui restent dans le demi-plan supérieur.


1971 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Drake

Let Q be a finite partially ordered (by ≤) set with universal bounds O, I. The height function h of Q is defined by the rule: h(x) is the maximum length of a chain from O to x. Let h(I)=n. Suppose that for each k≥0, there exist positive integers a(k) and b(k) such that all elements of height k(i)are covered by a(k) elements of height k+1;(ii)cover b(k) elements of height k—1.Then we call Q a U-poset. Call a subset S of a partially ordered set an antichain if no two elements of S are comparable.


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