scholarly journals Two Statistics Linking Dyck Paths and Non-crossing Partitions

10.37236/570 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haijian Zhao ◽  
Zheyuan Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Catalan Numbers ◽  
Dyck Paths ◽  
Narayana Numbers

We introduce a pair of statistics, maj and sh, on Dyck paths and show that they are equidistributed. Then we prove that this maj is equivalent to the statistics $ls$ and $rb$ on non-crossing partitions. Based on non-crossing partitions, we give the most obvious $q$-analogue of the Narayana numbers and the Catalan numbers.

scholarly journals A Short Approach to Catalan Numbers Modulo $2^r$

10.37236/664 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoce Xin ◽  
Jing-Feng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Catalan Numbers ◽  
Binary Expansion ◽  
Dyck Paths ◽  
Combinatorial Interpretations ◽  
Recent Classification ◽  
Motzkin Paths

We notice that two combinatorial interpretations of the well-known Catalan numbers $C_n=(2n)!/n!(n+1)!$ naturally give rise to a recursion for $C_n$. This recursion is ideal for the study of the congruences of $C_n$ modulo $2^r$, which attracted a lot of interest recently. We present short proofs of some known results, and improve Liu and Yeh's recent classification of $C_n$ modulo $2^r$. The equivalence $C_{n}\equiv_{2^r} C_{\bar n}$ is further reduced to $C_{n}\equiv_{2^r} C_{\tilde{n}}$ for simpler $\tilde{n}$. Moreover, by using connections between weighted Dyck paths and Motzkin paths, we find new classes of combinatorial sequences whose $2$-adic order is equal to that of $C_n$, which is one less than the sum of the digits of the binary expansion of $n+1$.

scholarly journals A Bijection on Dyck Paths and its Cycle Structure

10.37236/946 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Callan
Keyword(s):  
Catalan Numbers ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Cycle Structure ◽  
Pascal Matrix ◽  
Dyck Paths ◽  
Motzkin Numbers

The known bijections on Dyck paths are either involutions or have notoriously intractable cycle structure. Here we present a size-preserving bijection on Dyck paths whose cycle structure is amenable to complete analysis. In particular, each cycle has length a power of 2. A new manifestation of the Catalan numbers as labeled forests crops up en route as does the Pascal matrix mod 2. We use the bijection to show the equivalence of two known manifestations of the Motzkin numbers. Finally, we consider some statistics on the new Catalan manifestation and the identities they interpret.

scholarly journals Another bijection between $2$-triangulations and pairs of non-crossing Dyck paths

2009 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AK,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos M. Nicolás
Keyword(s):  
Catalan Numbers ◽  
Hankel Determinant ◽  
Dyck Paths ◽  
International Audience

International audience A $k$-triangulation of the $n$-gon is a maximal set of diagonals of the $n$-gon containing no subset of $k+1$ mutually crossing diagonals. The number of $k$-triangulations of the $n$-gon, determined by Jakob Jonsson, is equal to a $k \times k$ Hankel determinant of Catalan numbers. This determinant is also equal to the number of $k$ non-crossing Dyck paths of semi-length $n-2k$. This brings up the problem of finding a combinatorial bijection between these two sets. In FPSAC 2007, Elizalde presented such a bijection for the case $k=2$. We construct another bijection for this case that is stronger and simpler that Elizalde's. The bijection preserves two sets of parameters, degrees and generalized returns. As a corollary, we generalize Jonsson's formula for $k=2$ by counting the number of $2$-triangulations of the $n$-gon with a given degree at a fixed vertex. Une $k$-triangulation du $n$-gon est un ensemble maximal de diagonales du $n$-gon ne contenant pas de sous-ensemble de $k+1$ diagonales mutuellement croisant. Le nombre de $k$-triangulations du $n$-gon, déterminé par Jakob Jonsson, est égal à un déterminant de Hankel $k \times k$ de nombres de Catalan. Ce déterminant est aussi égal au nombre de $k$ chemins de Dyck de largo $n-2k$ que ne pas se croiser. Cela porte le problème de trouver une bijection de type combinatoire entre ces deux ensembles. À la FPSAC 2007, Elizalde a présenté une telle bijection pour le cas $k = 2$. Nous construisons une autre bijection pour ce cas qui est plus forte et plus simple que de l'Elizalde. La bijection conserve deux ensembles de paramètres, les degré et les retours généralisée. De ce, nous généralisons la formule de Jonsson pour $k = 2$ en comptant le nombre de $2$-triangulations du $n$-gon avec un degré à un vertex fixe.

scholarly journals Rational Catalan Combinatorics: The Associahedron

2013 ◽  
Vol DMTCS Proceedings vol. AS,... (Proceedings) ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew Armstrong ◽  
Brendon Rhoades ◽  
Nathan Williams
Keyword(s):  
Simplicial Complex ◽  
Rational Number ◽  
Catalan Number ◽  
Positive Rational Number ◽  
Dyck Paths ◽  
Narayana Numbers ◽  
International Audience ◽  
Positive Integers ◽  
Coprime Positive Integers ◽  
Product Formulas

International audience Each positive rational number $x>0$ can be written $\textbf{uniquely}$ as $x=a/(b-a)$ for coprime positive integers 0<$a$<$b$. We will identify $x$ with the pair $(a,b)$. In this extended abstract we use $\textit{rational Dyck paths}$ to define for each positive rational $x>0$ a simplicial complex $\mathsf{Ass} (x)=\mathsf{Ass} (a,b)$ called the $\textit{rational associahedron}$. It is a pure simplicial complex of dimension $a-2$, and its maximal faces are counted by the $\textit{rational Catalan number}$ $\mathsf{Cat} (x)=\mathsf{Cat}(a,b):=\frac{(a+b-1)! }{ a! b!}.$ The cases $(a,b)=(n,n+1)$ and $(a,b)=(n,kn+1)$ recover the classical associahedron and its Fuss-Catalan generalization studied by Athanasiadis-Tzanaki and Fomin-Reading. We prove that $\mathsf{Ass} (a,b)$ is shellable and give nice product formulas for its $h$-vector (the $\textit{rational Narayana numbers}$) and $f$-vector (the $\textit{rational Kirkman numbers}$). We define $\mathsf{Ass} (a,b)$ .

scholarly journals Pattern-Avoiding Set Partitions and Catalan Numbers

10.37236/2048 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toufik Mansour ◽  
Mark Shattuck
Keyword(s):  
Kernel Method ◽  
Catalan Numbers ◽  
Set Partitions ◽  
Narayana Numbers ◽  
Combinatorial Methods

We identify several subsets of the partitions of $[n]$, each characterized by the avoidance of a pair of patterns, respectively of lengths four and five.  Each of the classes we consider is enumerated by the Catalan numbers.  Furthermore, the members of each class having a prescribed number of blocks are enumerated by the Narayana numbers.  We use both algebraic and combinatorial methods to establish our results.  In some of the cases, we make use of the kernel method to solve the recurrence arising when a further statistic is considered.  In other cases, we define bijections with previously enumerated classes which preserve the number of blocks.  Two of our bijections are of an algorithmic nature and systematically replace the occurrences of one pattern with those of another having the same length.

scholarly journals CUNTZ–KRIEGER ALGEBRAS AND A GENERALIZATION OF CATALAN NUMBERS

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (05) ◽  
pp. 1350040 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENGO MATSUMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Directed Graph ◽  
Generating Functions ◽  
Transition Matrix ◽  
Catalan Numbers ◽  
Partial Isometries ◽  
Dyck Paths ◽  
Generalized Catalan Numbers

For a directed graph G, we generalize the Catalan numbers by using the canonical generating partial isometries of the Cuntz–Krieger algebra [Formula: see text] for the transition matrix AGof the directed edges of G. The generalized Catalan numbers [Formula: see text] enumerate the number of Dyck paths for the graph G. Its generating functions will be studied.

scholarly journals Rational Associahedra and Noncrossing Partitions

10.37236/3432 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew Armstrong ◽  
Brendon Rhoades ◽  
Nathan Williams
Keyword(s):  
Simplicial Complex ◽  
Rational Number ◽  
Perfect Matchings ◽  
Lattice Paths ◽  
Noncrossing Partitions ◽  
Positive Rational Number ◽  
Dyck Paths ◽  
Narayana Numbers ◽  
Positive Integers ◽  
Coprime Positive Integers

Each positive rational number $x>0$ can be written uniquely as $x=a/(b-a)$ for coprime positive integers $0<a<b$. We will identify $x$ with the pair $(a,b)$. In this paper we define for each positive rational $x>0$ a simplicial complex $\mathsf{Ass}(x)=\mathsf{Ass}(a,b)$ called the rational associahedron.  It is a pure simplicial complex of dimension $a-2$, and its maximal faces are counted by the rational Catalan number $$\mathsf{Cat}(x)=\mathsf{Cat}(a,b):=\frac{(a+b-1)!}{a!\,b!}.$$The cases $(a,b)=(n,n+1)$ and $(a,b)=(n,kn+1)$ recover the classical associahedron and its "Fuss-Catalan" generalization studied by Athanasiadis-Tzanaki and Fomin-Reading.  We prove that $\mathsf{Ass}(a,b)$ is shellable and give nice product formulas for its $h$-vector (the rational Narayana numbers) and $f$-vector (the rational Kirkman numbers).  We define $\mathsf{Ass}(a,b)$ via rational Dyck paths: lattice paths from $(0,0)$ to $(b,a)$ staying above the line $y = \frac{a}{b}x$.  We also use rational Dyck paths to define a rational generalization of noncrossing perfect matchings of $[2n]$.  In the case $(a,b) = (n, mn+1)$, our construction produces the noncrossing partitions of $[(m+1)n]$ in which each block has size $m+1$.

scholarly journals Bicoloured Dyck Paths and the Contact Polynomial for $n$ Non-Intersecting Paths in a Half-Plane Lattice

10.37236/1728 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Brak ◽  
J. W. Essam
Keyword(s):  
Recurrence Relation ◽  
Half Plane ◽  
Generating Function ◽  
Catalan Numbers ◽  
Catalan Number ◽  
Lattice Paths ◽  
Product Form ◽  
Dyck Path ◽  
Combinatorial Interpretation ◽  
Dyck Paths

In this paper configurations of $n$ non-intersecting lattice paths which begin and end on the line $y=0$ and are excluded from the region below this line are considered. Such configurations are called Hankel $n-$paths and their contact polynomial is defined by $\hat{Z}^{\cal{H}}_{2r}(n;\kappa)\equiv \sum_{c= 1}^{r+1} |{\cal H}_{2r}^{(n)}(c)|\kappa^c$ where ${\cal H}_{2r}^{(n)}(c)$ is the set of Hankel $n$-paths which make $c$ intersections with the line $y=0$ the lowest of which has length $2r$. These configurations may also be described as parallel Dyck paths. It is found that replacing $\kappa$ by the length generating function for Dyck paths, $\kappa(\omega) \equiv \sum_{r=0}^\infty C_r \omega^r$, where $C_r$ is the $r^{th}$ Catalan number, results in a remarkable simplification of the coefficients of the contact polynomial. In particular it is shown that the polynomial for configurations of a single Dyck path has the expansion $\hat{Z}^{\cal{H}}_{2r}(1;\kappa(\omega)) = \sum_{b=0}^\infty C_{r+b}\omega^b$. This result is derived using a bijection between bi-coloured Dyck paths and plain Dyck paths. A bi-coloured Dyck path is a Dyck path in which each edge is coloured either red or blue with the constraint that the colour can only change at a contact with the line $y=0$. For $n>1$, the coefficient of $\omega^b$ in $\hat{Z}^{\cal{W}}_{2r}(n;\kappa(\omega))$ is expressed as a determinant of Catalan numbers which has a combinatorial interpretation in terms of a modified class of $n$ non-intersecting Dyck paths. The determinant satisfies a recurrence relation which leads to the proof of a product form for the coefficients in the $\omega$ expansion of the contact polynomial.

scholarly journals The Cyclic Sieving Phenomenon on Circular Dyck Paths

10.37236/8720 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Alexandersson ◽  
Svante Linusson ◽  
Samu Potka
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Group ◽  
Catalan Numbers ◽  
Natural Action ◽  
Cyclic Sieving Phenomenon ◽  
Combinatorial Objects ◽  
Dyck Paths ◽  
Cyclic Sieving

We give a $q$-enumeration of circular Dyck paths, which is a superset of the classical Dyck paths enumerated by the Catalan numbers. These objects have recently been studied by Alexandersson and Panova. Furthermore, we show that this $q$-analogue exhibits the cyclic sieving phenomenon under a natural action of the cyclic group. The enumeration and cyclic sieving is generalized to Möbius paths. We also discuss properties of a generalization of cyclic sieving, which we call subset cyclic sieving, and introduce the notion of Lyndon-like cyclic sieving that concerns special recursive properties of combinatorial objects exhibiting the cyclic sieving phenomenon.

scholarly journals Limits of Modified Higher $q,t$-Catalan Numbers

10.37236/3201 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungyong Lee ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Nicholas A Loehr
Keyword(s):  
Representation Theory ◽  
Symmetric Functions ◽  
Rational Functions ◽  
Catalan Numbers ◽  
Integer Partitions ◽  
Hilbert Schemes ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Nabla Operator ◽  
Dyck Paths ◽  
Partition Statistics

The $q,t$-Catalan numbers can be defined using rational functions, geometry related to Hilbert schemes, symmetric functions, representation theory, Dyck paths, partition statistics, or Dyck words. After decades of intensive study, it was eventually proved that all these definitions are equivalent. In this paper, we study the similar situation for higher $q,t$-Catalan numbers, where the equivalence of the algebraic and combinatorial definitions is still conjectural. We compute the limits of several versions of the modified higher $q,t$-Catalan numbers and show that these limits equal the generating function for integer partitions. We also identify certain coefficients of the higher $q,t$-Catalan numbers as enumerating suitable integer partitions, and we make some conjectures on the homological significance of the Bergeron-Garsia nabla operator.

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