scholarly journals Sandpiles and Dominos

10.37236/4472 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Florescu ◽  
Daniela Morar ◽  
David Perkinson ◽  
Nicholas Salter ◽  
Tianyuan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Chebyshev Polynomials ◽  
Sums Of Squares ◽  
Trigonometric Functions ◽  
Grid Graph ◽  
Double Product ◽  
Möbius Strip ◽  
Domino Tilings ◽  
Special Values ◽  
Abelian Sandpile ◽  
Sandpile Group

We consider the subgroup of the abelian sandpile group of the grid graph consisting of configurations of sand that are symmetric with respect to central vertical and horizontal axes. We show that the size of this group is (i) the number of domino tilings of a corresponding weighted rectangular checkerboard; (ii) a product of special values of Chebyshev polynomials; and (iii) a double-product whose factors are sums of squares of values of trigonometric functions. We provide a new derivation of the formula due to Kasteleyn and to Temperley and Fisher for counting the number of domino tilings of a $2m \times 2n$ rectangular checkerboard and a new way of counting the number of domino tilings of a $2m \times 2n$ checkerboard on a Möbius strip.

scholarly journals On the sandpile model of modified wheels II

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1531-1539
Author(s):  
Zahid Raza ◽  
Mohammed M. M. Jaradat ◽  
Mohammed S. Bataineh ◽  
Faiz Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Direct Product ◽  
Critical Group ◽  
Complete Structure ◽  
Sandpile Model ◽  
Cyclic Subgroups ◽  
Algebr Comb ◽  
Abelian Sandpile ◽  
Chip Firing ◽  
Sandpile Group

Abstract We investigate the abelian sandpile group on modified wheels {\hat{W}}_{n} by using a variant of the dollar game as described in [N. L. Biggs, Chip-Firing and the critical group of a graph, J. Algebr. Comb. 9 (1999), 25–45]. The complete structure of the sandpile group on a class of graphs is given in this paper. In particular, it is shown that the sandpile group on {\hat{W}}_{n} is a direct product of two cyclic subgroups generated by some special configurations. More precisely, the sandpile group on {\hat{W}}_{n} is the direct product of two cyclic subgroups of order {a}_{n} and 3{a}_{n} for n even and of order {a}_{n} and 2{a}_{n} for n odd, respectively.

scholarly journals ON CONNECTING WEYL-ORBIT FUNCTIONS TO JACOBI POLYNOMIALS AND MULTIVARIATE (ANTI)SYMMETRIC TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Hrivnak ◽  
Lenka Motlochova
Keyword(s):  
Orthogonal Polynomials ◽  
Chebyshev Polynomials ◽  
Jacobi Polynomials ◽  
Special Functions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trigonometric Functions ◽  
The One ◽  
Sine Functions

<p>The aim of this paper is to make an explicit link between the Weyl-orbit functions and the corresponding polynomials, on the one hand, and to several other families of special functions and orthogonal polynomials on the other. The cornerstone is the connection that is made between the one-variable orbit functions of <em>A<sub>1</sub></em> and the four kinds of Chebyshev polynomials. It is shown that there exists a similar connection for the two-variable orbit functions of <em>A<sub>2</sub></em> and a specific version of two variable Jacobi polynomials. The connection with recently studied <em>G<sub>2</sub></em>-polynomials is established. Formulas for connection between the four types of orbit functions of <em>B<sub>n</sub></em> or <em>C<sub>n</sub></em> and the (anti)symmetric multivariate cosine and sine functions are explicitly derived.</p>

scholarly journals Harmonic dynamics of the abelian sandpile

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (8) ◽  
pp. 2821-2830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Lang ◽  
Mikhail Shkolnikov
Keyword(s):  
Abelian Group ◽  
Stochastic Dynamics ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Infinite Domains ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Abelian Sandpile ◽  
Self Organized Criticality ◽  
Self Similar ◽  
Smooth Transformation ◽  
Sandpile Group

The abelian sandpile is a cellular automaton which serves as the archetypical model to study self-organized criticality, a phenomenon occurring in various biological, physical, and social processes. Its recurrent configurations form an abelian group, whose identity is a fractal composed of self-similar patches. Here, we analyze the evolution of the sandpile identity under harmonic fields of different orders. We show that this evolution corresponds to periodic cycles through the abelian group characterized by the smooth transformation and apparent conservation of the patches constituting the identity. The dynamics induced by second- and third-order harmonics resemble smooth stretchings and translations, respectively, while the ones induced by fourth-order harmonics resemble magnifications and rotations. Based on an extensive analysis of these sandpile dynamics on domains of different size, we conjecture the existence of several scaling limits for infinite domains. Furthermore, we show that the space of harmonic functions provides a set of universal coordinates identifying configurations between different domains, which directly implies that the sandpile group admits a natural renormalization. Finally, we show that the harmonic fields can be induced by simple Markov processes and that the corresponding stochastic dynamics show remarkable robustness. Our results suggest that harmonic fields might split the sandpile group into subsets showing different critical coefficients and that it might be possible to extend the fractal structure of the identity beyond the boundaries of its domain.

scholarly journals The Extended MultipleG′/G-Expansion Method and Its Application to the Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon Equation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Huizhang Yang ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Biyu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Exact Solutions ◽  
Rational Functions ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
Hyperbolic Function ◽  
Trigonometric Functions ◽  
Hyperbolic Functions ◽  
Special Values ◽  
Wave Solutions ◽  
Complexiton Solutions ◽  
Hyperbolic Function Solutions

An extended multipleG′/G-expansion method is used to seek the exact solutions of Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon equation. As a result, plentiful new complexiton solutions consisting of hyperbolic functions, trigonometric functions, rational functions, and their mixture with arbitrary parameters are effectively obtained. When some parameters are properly chosen as special values, the known double solitary-like wave solutions are derived from the double hyperbolic function solutions.

scholarly journals Hopping from Chebyshev Polynomials to Permutation Statistics

10.37236/8413 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan O. Tirrell ◽  
Yan Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Generating Function ◽  
Chebyshev Polynomials ◽  
Generating Functions ◽  
Permutation Statistics ◽  
Domino Tilings ◽  
Peak Number ◽  
Exponential Generating Function

We prove various formulas which express exponential generating functions counting permutations by the peak number, valley number, double ascent number, and double descent number statistics in terms of the exponential generating function for Chebyshev polynomials, as well as cyclic analogues of these formulas for derangements. We give several applications of these results, including formulas for the (-1)-evaluation of some of these distributions. Our proofs are combinatorial and involve the use of monomino-domino tilings, the modified Foata-Strehl action (a.k.a. valley-hopping), and a cyclic analogue of this action due to Sun and Wang.

scholarly journals ON CONNECTING WEYL-ORBIT FUNCTIONS TO JACOBI POLYNOMIALS AND MULTIVARIATE (ANTI)SYMMETRIC TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Hrivnak ◽  
Lenka Motlochova
Keyword(s):  
Orthogonal Polynomials ◽  
Chebyshev Polynomials ◽  
Jacobi Polynomials ◽  
Special Functions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trigonometric Functions ◽  
The One ◽  
Sine Functions

<p>The aim of this paper is to make an explicit link between the Weyl-orbit functions and the corresponding polynomials, on the one hand, and to several other families of special functions and orthogonal polynomials on the other. The cornerstone is the connection that is made between the one-variable orbit functions of <em>A<sub>1</sub></em> and the four kinds of Chebyshev polynomials. It is shown that there exists a similar connection for the two-variable orbit functions of <em>A<sub>2</sub></em> and a specific version of two variable Jacobi polynomials. The connection with recently studied <em>G<sub>2</sub></em>-polynomials is established. Formulas for connection between the four types of orbit functions of <em>B<sub>n</sub></em> or <em>C<sub>n</sub></em> and the (anti)symmetric multivariate cosine and sine functions are explicitly derived.</p>

Derivation of Exact Solutions for the (3+1)-Dimensional KP Equation with (G'/G2)-Expansion Method

2014 ◽  
Vol 1044-1045 ◽  
pp. 1110-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Jie Yang ◽  
Yun Mei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Exact Solutions ◽  
Rational Functions ◽  
Expansion Method ◽  
Periodic Wave ◽  
Trigonometric Function ◽  
Trigonometric Functions ◽  
Kp Equation ◽  
Periodic Wave Solutions ◽  
Special Values ◽  
Trigonometric Function Solutions

Using the-expansion method proposed recently the exact solutions of the (3+1)-dimensional KP equation are found out. The exact solutions are expressed by two types of functions which are the trigonometric functions and the rational functions. When the parameters are taken as special values the trigonometric function solutions can be expressed as periodic wave solutions.

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