scholarly journals Families that Remain $k$-Sperner Even After Omitting an Element of their Ground Set

10.37236/2543 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Balázs Patkós

A family $\mathcal{F}\subseteq 2^{[n]}$ of sets is said to be $l$-trace $k$-Sperner if for any $l$-subset $L \subset [n]$ the family $\mathcal{F}|_L=\{F|_L:F \in \mathcal{F}\}=\{F \cap L: F \in \mathcal{F}\}$ is $k$-Sperner, i.e. does not contain any chain of length $k+1$. The maximum size that an $l$-trace $k$-Sperner family $\mathcal{F} \subseteq 2^{[n]}$ can have is denoted by $f(n,k,l)$.For pairs of integers $l<k$, if in a family $\mathcal{G}$ every pair of sets satisfies $||G_1|-|G_2||<k-l$, then $\mathcal{G}$ possesses the $(n-l)$-trace $k$-Sperner property. Among such families, the largest one is $\mathcal{F}_0=\{F\in 2^{[n]}: \lfloor \frac{n-(k-l)}{2}\rfloor+1 \le |F| \le \lfloor \frac{n-(k-l)}{2}\rfloor +k-l\}$ and also $\mathcal{F}'_0=\{F\in 2^{[n]}: \lfloor \frac{n-(k-l)}{2}\rfloor \le |F| \le \lfloor \frac{n-(k-l)}{2}\rfloor +k-l-1\}$ if $n-(k-l)$ is even.In an earlier paper, we proved that this is asymptotically optimal for all pair of integers $l<k$, i.e. $f(n,k,n-l)=(1+o(1))|\mathcal{F}_0|$. In this paper we consider the case when $l=1$, $k\ge 2$, and prove that $f(n,k,n-1)=|\mathcal{F}_0|$ provided $n$ is large enough. We also prove that the unique $(n-1)$-trace $k$-Sperner family with size $f(n,k,n-1)$ is $\mathcal{F}_0$ and also $\mathcal{F}'_0$ when $n+k$ is odd.

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 231-245
Author(s):  
Ricardo Macedo Corrêa e Castro ◽  

A little more than 20 years after the first publication of Castro (1999), the knowledge of the South American freshwater ichthyofauna, especially that of Brazil, has increased dramatically. This increase occurred both in terms of knowledge of its taxonomic diversity - in 1999, based on various sources in the scientific literature, a total of 2,800 species of South American freshwater fish was estimated, and a total of near 3,500 species it is currently known from Brazil alone - as to the knowledge of its evolution and also ecology. Consequently, all the hypotheses originally proposed in that paper are reexamined and critically discussed here considering this new knowledge accumulated in the past nearly two decades. Although the original 1999 hypothesis that the small adult size of their respective species is a general evolutionary pattern shared by the South American stream ichthyofauna has been firmly corroborated by several studies carried out in many regions of Brazil, the different patterns associated with most of the species of stream fish originally proposed are discussed in this chapter in the light of the new accumulated knowledge about their biology and ecology. Likewise, the possible role of heterochrony in their respective evolution is critically analyzed in the context of the great advance that has occurred in understanding the phylogenetic relationships of component taxa of freshwater neotropical ichthyofauna, using mainly the family Characidae as a possible model. Finally, a recent intriguing idea of the role of respiratory physiology in determining both the maximum size of teleost fish and their patterns of environmental occupation is examined in relation to its possible effect in the evolution of South American stream ichthyofauna.


1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Hoenig ◽  
Alexander H. Walsh

Cartilage canals were found in the vertebrae of 16 species of sharks from five families. The canals variously contain blood vessels, lymph-like material, clumps of immature chondrocytes, unidentified amorphous material, or appear empty. Of 10 species examined in the family Carcharhinidae, only the dogfish, Mustelus canis, was devoid of canals. No canals were seen in the two batoid fish examined. The presence of canals may depend on the phylogenetic position or the maximum size attained by the species.


2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 1573-1575
Author(s):  
Benjamin W. Frable ◽  
Merit H. Mccrea ◽  
Milton S. Love ◽  
Matthew T. Craig
Keyword(s):  

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
GYULA O. H. KATONA ◽  
GYULA Y. KATONA ◽  
ZSOLT KATONA

Let be a family of subsets of an n-element set. It is called intersecting if every pair of its members has a non-disjoint intersection. It is well known that an intersecting family satisfies the inequality || ≤ 2n−1. Suppose that ||=2n−1 + i. Choose the members of independently with probability p (delete them with probability 1 − p). The new family is intersecting with a certain probability. We try to maximize this probability by choosing appropriately. The exact maximum is determined in this paper for some small i. The analogous problem is considered for families consisting of k-element subsets, but the exact solution is obtained only when the size of the family exceeds the maximum size of the intersecting family only by one. A family is said to be inclusion-free if no member is a proper subset of another one. It is well known that the largest inclusion-free family is the one consisting of all $\lfloor \frac{n}{ 2}\rfloor$-element subsets. We determine the most probably inclusion-free family too, when the number of members is $\binom{n}{ \lfloor \frac{n}{ 2}\rfloor} +1$.


10.37236/7073 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dániel Gerbner ◽  
Balázs Patkós ◽  
Máté Vizer

In this paper we introduce a problem that bridges forbidden subposet and forbidden subconfiguration problems. The sets $F_1,F_2, \dots,F_{|P|}$ form a copy of a poset $P$, if there exists a bijection $i:P\rightarrow \{F_1,F_2, \dots,F_{|P|}\}$ such that for any $p,p'\in P$ the relation $p<_P p'$ implies $i(p)\subsetneq i(p')$. A family $\mathcal{F}$ of sets is $P$-free if it does not contain any copy of $P$. The trace of a family $\mathcal{F}$ on a set $X$ is $\mathcal{F}|_X:=\{F\cap X: F\in \mathcal{F}\}$.We introduce the following notions: $\mathcal{F}\subseteq 2^{[n]}$ is $l$-trace $P$-free if for any $l$-subset $L\subseteq [n]$, the family $\mathcal{F}|_L$ is $P$-free and $\mathcal{F}$ is trace $P$-free if it is $l$-trace $P$-free for all $l\le n$. As the first instances of these problems we determine the maximum size of trace $B$-free families, where $B$ is the butterfly poset on four elements $a,b,c,d$ with $a,b<c,d$ and determine the asymptotics of  the maximum size of $(n-i)$-trace $K_{r,s}$-free families for $i=1,2$. We also propose a generalization of the main conjecture of the area of forbidden subposet problems.


1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 2338-2343 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Crossman ◽  
James W. Meade

Artificial hybrids between Esox reicherti, the only species in the family Esocidae that does not occur naturally in North America, and North American esocids were developed. Five of a possible 10 crosses are described in detail. Three crosses failed (those involving the males of E. niger and E. americanus) for reasons other than methodology, the cross involving females of E. americanus americanus was not made, and a fifth cross involving the male of E. masquinongy was successful but no data are included. Interspecies fertility was suprisingly high, and an inverse relationship existed between survival of crosses and the difference in potential maximum size of parent species. At least one cross was fertile, and an F2 generation and backcrosses were developed. Key words: artificial hybrids. Esocidae, Esox reicherti, Esox masquinongy, Esox lucius, Esox niger, Esox americanus


1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 419-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baba Senowbari-Daryan ◽  
George D. Stanley

Two Upper Triassic sphinctozoan sponges of the family Sebargasiidae were recovered from silicified residues collected in Hells Canyon, Oregon. These sponges areAmblysiphonellacf.A. steinmanni(Haas), known from the Tethys region, andColospongia whalenin. sp., an endemic species. The latter sponge was placed in the superfamily Porata by Seilacher (1962). The presence of well-preserved cribrate plates in this sponge, in addition to pores of the chamber walls, is a unique condition never before reported in any porate sphinctozoans. Aporate counterparts known primarily from the Triassic Alps have similar cribrate plates but lack the pores in the chamber walls. The sponges from Hells Canyon are associated with abundant bivalves and corals of marked Tethyan affinities and come from a displaced terrane known as the Wallowa Terrane. It was a tropical island arc, suspected to have paleogeographic relationships with Wrangellia; however, these sponges have not yet been found in any other Cordilleran terrane.


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