scholarly journals Restricted permutations, continued fractions, and Chebyshev polynomials

10.37236/1495 ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toufik Mansour ◽  
Alek Vainshtein

Let $f_n^r(k)$ be the number of 132-avoiding permutations on $n$ letters that contain exactly $r$ occurrences of $12\dots k$, and let $F_r(x;k)$ and $F(x,y;k)$ be the generating functions defined by $F_r(x;k)=\sum_{n\ge 0} f_n^r(k)x^n$ and $F(x,y;k)=\sum_{r\ge 0}F_r(x;k)y^r$. We find an explicit expression for $F(x,y;k)$ in the form of a continued fraction. This allows us to express $F_r(x;k)$ for $1\le r\le k$ via Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind.

10.37236/1523 ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahendra Jani ◽  
Robert G. Rieper

We find a generating function expressed as a continued fraction that enumerates ordered trees by the number of vertices at different levels. Several Catalan problems are mapped to an ordered-tree problem and their generating functions also expressed as a continued fraction. Among these problems is the enumeration of $(132)$-pattern avoiding permutations that have a given number of increasing patterns of length $k$. This extends and illuminates a result of Robertson, Wilf and Zeilberger for the case $k=3$.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jerzy Szczepański

Let $p$, $q$ be complex polynomials, $\deg p>\deg q\geq 0$. We consider the family of polynomials defined by the recurrence $P_{n+1}=2pP_n-qP_{n-1}$ for $n=1, 2, 3, ...$ with arbitrary $P_1$ and $P_0$ as well as the domain of the convergence of the infinite continued fraction $$f(z)=2p(z)-\cfrac{q(z)}{2p(z)-\cfrac{q(z)}{2p(z)-...}}$$ null


10.37236/1679 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S. Egge ◽  
Toufik Mansour

Several authors have examined connections between permutations which avoid 132, continued fractions, and Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind. In this paper we prove analogues of some of these results for permutations which avoid 1243 and 2143. Using tools developed to prove these analogues, we give enumerations and generating functions for permutations which avoid 1243, 2143, and certain additional patterns. We also give generating functions for permutations which avoid 1243 and 2143 and contain certain additional patterns exactly once. In all cases we express these generating functions in terms of Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind.


Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Dan Lascu ◽  
Gabriela Ileana Sebe

We investigate the efficiency of several types of continued fraction expansions of a number in the unit interval using a generalization of Lochs theorem from 1964. Thus, we aim to compare the efficiency by describing the rate at which the digits of one number-theoretic expansion determine those of another. We study Chan’s continued fractions, θ-expansions, N-continued fractions, and Rényi-type continued fractions. A central role in fulfilling our goal is played by the entropy of the absolutely continuous invariant probability measures of the associated dynamical systems.


Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 840
Author(s):  
Maxim Sølund Kirsebom

The Hurwitz complex continued fraction is a generalization of the nearest integer continued fraction. In this paper, we prove various results concerning extremes of the modulus of Hurwitz complex continued fraction digits. This includes a Poisson law and an extreme value law. The results are based on cusp estimates of the invariant measure about which information is still limited. In the process, we obtained several results concerning the extremes of nearest integer continued fractions as well.


1979 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
S. Mikkola

A continued fraction was derived for the summation of the asymptotic expansion of astronomical refraction. Using simple approximations for the last denominator of the fraction, accurate formulae, useful down to the horizon, were obtained. The method is not restricted to any model of the atmosphere and can thus be used in calculations based on actual aerological measurements.


1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Agarwal ◽  
R. Balasubrananian

In this paper we study thosen-color partitions of Agarwal and Andrews, 1987, in which each pair of parts has weighted difference equal to−2Results obtained in this paper for these partitions include several combinatorial identities, recurrence relations, generating functions, relationships with the divisor function and computer produced tables. By using these partitions an explicit expression for the sum of the divisors of odd integers is given. It is shown how these partitions arise in the study of conjugate and self-conjugaten-color partitions. A combinatorial identity for self-conjugaten-color partitions is also obtained. We conclude by posing several open problems in the last section.


Symmetry ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Czyżycki ◽  
Jiří Hrivnák ◽  
Jiří Patera

The generating functions of fourteen families of generalized Chebyshev polynomials related to rank two Lie algebras A 2 , C 2 and G 2 are explicitly developed. There exist two classes of the orthogonal polynomials corresponding to the symmetric and antisymmetric orbit functions of each rank two algebra. The Lie algebras G 2 and C 2 admit two additional polynomial collections arising from their hybrid character functions. The admissible shift of the weight lattice permits the construction of a further four shifted polynomial classes of C 2 and directly generalizes formation of the classical univariate Chebyshev polynomials of the third and fourth kinds. Explicit evaluating formulas for each polynomial family are derived and linked to the incomplete exponential Bell polynomials.


10.37236/2014 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Prodinger

For the $q$-tangent function introduced by Foata and Han (this volume) we provide the continued fraction expansion, by creative guessing and a routine verification. Then an even more recent $q$-tangent function due to Cieslinski is also expanded. Lastly, a general version is considered that contains both versions as special cases.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-560
Author(s):  
LUKA MILINKOVIC ◽  
BRANKO MALESEVIC ◽  
BOJAN BANJAC

The subject of this paper is the current state of art in theory of continued fractions, intermediate fractions and their relation to the best rational approximations of the first and second kind. The paper provides an overview of the some well known and even some new properties of continued fractions, and the various terms associated with them. In addition to intermediate fractions, paper considers the fine intermediate fractions and gave some statements to position these fractions in the continued fraction representation of numbers.


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