RETURN MIGRATION TO TAJIKISTAN: FORMS, TRENDS, CONSEQUENCES

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-173
Author(s):  
Sergey RYAZANTSEV ◽  
Farrukh KHONKHODZHAYEV ◽  
Sharif AKRAMOV ◽  
Nikita RYAZANTSEV
Keyword(s):  
Return Migration ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
General State ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Special Programs ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government

This paper aims to study the trends of labor migration (voluntary and forced) from Russia to Tajikistan and the peculiarities of the reintegration of returning migrants into Tajik society. Labor migration is the main driver of economic growth for Tajikistan and the most effective tool in the national fight against poverty. However, many migrants from Tajikistan do not have a formally documented status in Russia, which makes their predicament extremely difficult and vulnerable. One of the most sensitive measures for Tajik labor migrants was the introduction of administrative penalties through expulsion and the imposition of a massive ban on labor migrants from entering the Russian Federation. This has led to an increase in the return migration of Tajik migrants to their homeland. The article clarifies the concept of return migration, reveals the reasons for the return of labor migrants from Russia to Tajikistan and identifies the specific features of reintegration and the socio-economic situation of returning migrants in Tajikistan. The authors establish that a significant share of returning migrants have already reached retirement age after working in Russia for decades, but they do not receive a pension either in Tajikistan or in Russia. Unfortunately, as of today the Government of Tajikistan has not developed any special programs for the reintegration of returning migrants due to lack of funds and lack of experience in this area. Most returning migrants are forced to solve their problems on their own or resort to the help of their families and relatives. In fact, the government does not hold an interest in the massive return of labor migrants, since the increase in their number worsens the socio-economic situation and the general state of the labor market.

scholarly journals Transformation of processes of external labor migration during the spread of the COVID-19 infection

POPULATION ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-171
Author(s):  
Evgeny Krasinets ◽  
Irina Gerasimova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The article deals with the impact of external labor migration on the balance of the labor market in the Russian Federation. The main emphasis is placed on the need to monitor the migration situation and taking timely "migration" measures by the Government of the Russian Federation based on its results. The migration component is presented in strategic planning documents and correlated with the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. At this moment, against the background of the current unfavorable epidemiological situation caused by the spread of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), the Government of the Russian Federation is taking a number of measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, including those in the field of migration. The article analyzes the current measures preventing departure of labor migrants staying in the Russian Federation and other categories of foreign citizens who have arrived for the purposes other than work in the "shadow sector" of the labor market. It shows the present state of external labor migration by analyzing statistical and informational data, as well as possible risks in the implementation of social and labor relations. Sectors of the economy have been identified that may experience a shortage of labor resources as a result of the implementation of measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection. Dependence of the sphere of external labor migration on macroeconomic, international and political factors is stated. Particular attention in the article is paid to the institute of highly qualified specialists (HQS). The need was expressed to improve the procedure for attracting foreign citizens to work on the territory of the Russian Federation as HQS, to set additional criteria for their selection, to introduce an advance payment of income tax on HQS and to increase employers' liability for violation of the established procedure in this area, including the need to diversify control mechanisms for employers who attract foreign citizens as highly qualified specialists.

SOUTH CAUCASIAN ETHNIC COMMUNITIES IN RUSSIA: SPECIFICS OF FORMATION AND ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION TO THEIR HOMELANDS

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 047-060
Author(s):  
Sergey Ryazantsev ◽  
Elena Pismennaya ◽  
Maria Apanovich ◽  
Dzerassa Dzusova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
The South ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Southern Caucasus

This study has been suggested by the huge importance of labor migration for the social and economic development of the South Caucasian post-Soviet space. Confronted with an unprecedented outflow of their citizens and acutely aware of the problems associated with migration of able-bodied population to other countries, Russia among them, these countries have arrived at a conclusion that their migration policies need reforms. The article analyzes the trends of labor migration from the South Caucasian countries to Russia and other equally popular destinations. The migration trends up to and including Russia’s regions with the maximum numbers of labor migrants from the Southern Caucasus and the structure of their employment by industry are also analyzed. The paper contains statistics on the amounts of remittances sent by labor migrants from Russia to their homelands and assesses their impact on the economies of corresponding states. The cultural and economic contacts between the diasporas and the countries of their origin suggested a comparative analysis of their emergence and development. We have identified the typical industries preferred by representatives of each of the South Caucasian states in Russia, and the documents required of migrants to be employed in Russia. Conclusions related to the specifics of influence and the role of the diasporas in the structure of their employment are contained in the final part of our article along with the identified patterns and trends of these processes. Today, the situation on the market is unbalanced when it comes to job availability and the positions of members of these diasporas. The situation will remain the same as long as diasporas preserve their influence and the migration flows, their proportions. We have identified the most attractive regions in terms of job availability, the spread of migrants from the Southern Caucasus across the regions of the Russian Federation and the rivalry between Azeris, Armenians, and Georgians for jobs in various employment spheres.

Social-Capital Mobilization and Income Returns to Entrepreneurship: The Case of Return Migration in Rural China

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1763-1784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongdong Ma
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Return Migration ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Investment Capital ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Future Business

Temporary labor migration in developing countries is an important urban–rural linkage that has a potential impact on rural development. According to the new economies of labor migration, it is often a strategy used by families with small farms to acquire investment capital for future business formation. In this paper, I argue further that human-capital accretion during migration reinforces the mobilization of local social capital, which in turn enhances a returnee's entrepreneurship. By using the results of an in-depth survey of returned labor migrants in rural China, I seek to explain the mobilization of social capital and income return to entrepreneurship in a multivariate framework. I find that skilled returnees are indeed more prone to mobilize social capital. The income return to local social capital is as considerable as that to investment capital and skills acquired at the urban destination. The findings suggest that the consequences of labor migration can be better understood through the integration of the new economics of labor migration and social capital

scholarly journals Employment of senior citizens in the Russian Federation: characteristics of trends and opportunities for implementation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Irina Serafimovna Karpikova ◽  
Olga Nikolaevna Baeva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Senior Citizens ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Work Activity ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Statistics

Providing employment opportunities for senior citizens in the context of increasing life expectancy of the  population is worldwide recognized as a necessary condition for active aging. Solution of this problem is mainstreamed due to raising the retirement age. The goals of this research is to describe the trends in the sphere of employment of senior citizens in the Russian Federation, which includes people of retirement and pre-retirement age, as well as assess the possibilities of implementing work activity of “age” employees. The problem of employment of Russian senior citizens is examined via analysis and systematization of the government statistics and secondary analysis of the data of monitoring and one-time sociological research (Russian monitoring of economic situation and public health, online surveys of employers and job applicants, local regional studies). The acquired results reveal the existing contradiction between the increasing motivation of senior citizens to continue work activity and inability of the system of social production to ensure necessary opportunities for its implementation. The steps taken by the government on providing legal guarantees for employment of the senior citizens, namely people of pre-retirement age, have not yet yielded the desired results. Having analyzed the factors that promote or impede the employment of senior citizens, the authors conclude on the need of the following issues to be addressed as a matter of urgency: interest of the employers in providing employment for senior citizens, and overcoming ageist stereotypes in the society that unreasonably reduce the value of labor capacity of “age” employees.

scholarly journals Problems and opportunities for effective regulation of labor migration in the Republic of Uzbekistan

POPULATION ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-174
Author(s):  
Shukhrat Isakulov
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Natural Movement ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Labor Resources

Demographic trends in Uzbekistan have a specific character associated with the active natural growth of the country's population (in the past 50 years, the country's population has increased by 2.86 times and amounted to 35 million people). In the early 1990s, there was an outflow of people to their historical homeland, the migration balance is still having a negative character. The article analyzes the gender and age composition of the population, changes in the dynamics of indicators of the natural movement of the population, in which the fertility rate decreases, life expectancy increases (73.4 years). The high proportion of young people (up to 60% in the population structure) and the annual high growth of labor resources (about 500 thousand people) creates a burden on the internal labor market. There is a significant flow of labor migration to foreign countries, in which the Russian Federation occupies a leading place. The article analyses of the current reforms in the field of regulation of labor migration, which have been significantly developed under the new government of the country (since 2016), including the establishment of organized forms of labor migration. There are highlighted the present main targets of the Government of Uzbekistan, to create conditions and mechanisms that contribute to ensuring managed and regulated migration flows, legitimate rights and interests of citizens of the country. The author analyzes the trends in the normative and legal regulation of the sphere of labor migration, the relevance of the development of a new draft "Law on External Labor Migration" aimed at improving the efficiency of state bodies in solving complex migration issues. There is shown the institutional reform of the Agency for External Labor Migration in the field of migration management. It is proposed to develop a Concept and Strategy of state policy in the field of labor migration, as basic documents relating migration for the future. There are proposed directions of reforms in the migration sphere, establishment of organized forms of labor migration, expansion of international cooperation, powers of various departments of the country, improvement of the system for collecting statistics and data analysis, and conducting scientific research in the migration sphere.

scholarly journals THE MIGRATION APPROACH TO THE ASSESSMENT OF TRENDS IN THE REGULATION OF THE PROCESS OF ATTRACTING WORKING-AGE FOREIGN POPULATION IN THE TERRITORY OF THE REGION TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION AND SELECTED TARGET PRIORITIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Дарья Викторовна Гризовская ◽  
Галина Константиновна Лапушинская
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Industrial Transformation ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Russian Federation

В статье объектом исследования являются миграционные процессы и инструменты их регулирования. Предмет исследования связан с тем, что в исследованиях миграционных потоков часто не учитывается сложность и комплексность этих социально-экономических процессов, требующих социологических, исторических, демографических и других подходов к их анализу. Кроме того, исследования осуществляются без учета различий в целевых ориентациях субъектов, вовлеченных в миграционное регулирование, что принципиально, по мнению авторов, для принятия управленческих решений в миграционной сфере. Государство, субъекты Федерации, промышленные компании, ориентированные на привлечение трудовых мигрантов, иностранных работников и жителей территории (автохтонов), имеют различные, в большинстве случаев противоречивые побуждающие миграционные мотивы. Поэтому целью исследования является выработка комплексного, целеориентированного подхода к анализу возможного инструментария миграционного регулирования (миграционной политики) РФ на основе оценки существующей мировой практики. Инструментально-методический аппарат исследования базируется на комплексном подходе, в рамках которого уточнено понятие миграции как объективного фактора, обеспечивающего развитие региональной экономики. Авторы исходят из того, что миграция представляет собой целеориентированный процесс, заключающийся во въезде в страну иностранных граждан, основными мотивами которых являются определенные целевые установки по пребыванию ими на избранной территории, и оказывающий положительное (возможности развития) или негативное (усиление рисков) влияние на условия экономического развития региона. Научная новизна исследования представлена разработкой предложений по совершенствованию инструментов регулирования процессов привлечения иностранных кадров для Тверской области и допускающих их использование в субъектах РФ, исходя из ориентации действий на специализацию и выбранные целевые приоритеты развития территорий. The current stage of development of society and the state is characterized by a change in the role of the migration factor in the socio-economic development of territories. Given the decline in the share of the able-bodied population, a large share of low-skilled labor, and the need to implement national projects aimed at changing the demographic background of the state, which are primarily expressed in stimulating the birth rate growth, the Russian Federation is faced with the task of attracting labor migrants capable of supporting the industrial transformation of the Russian economy. In this regard, migration processes and tools for their regulation are becoming an important object of research. This does not take into account the complexity of socio-economic processes and emerging sociological, historical, demographic and other approaches to the analysis of migration processes, often inconsistent with each other. In addition, studies are carried out without taking into account differences in the target orientations of the subjects involved in migration regulation, which is a necessary element in making managerial decisions in the migration sphere, as the state, constituent entities of the Federation, and industrial companies focused on attracting labor migrants, foreign workers, and residents of the territory (autochthon) have various, in most cases, contradictory motivational migration motives. As a result, a study aimed at finding an integrated, goal-oriented approach to the analysis of possible tools of migration regulation (migration policy) of the Russian Federation based on an assessment of existing world practice seems to be most relevant. The instrumental and methodical apparatus of the study is based on an integrated approach, within which migration is considered as a goal-oriented process that has characteristic components and is influenced by objective and personalized factors that depend on the conditions of the socio-economic situation in the development of the territory, and also combines various methods of scientific knowledge: system analysis, comparative, economic and statistical, grouping, benchmarking, etc. In the course of this study were developed us suggestions to improve the regulation of migration processes in the Russian regions, based on the orientation of the action on the selected specialization and targeted development priorities of the territories.

scholarly journals External labor migration from Ukraine: causes, scale, consequences

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Viktoria Apalkova ◽  
Anna Lyzunova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
International Labor ◽  
European Standards ◽  
The Government ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – to study the causes and consequences of migration processes. The results of the study. This article presents the results of an analysis of the dynamics and current state of labor migration processes in Ukraine. The authors evaluated the impact of international labor migration on the country's economy. The causes of labor migration, its positive and negative consequences are characterized. This study examines and summarizes the global experience in regulating external migration flows to foreign countries. The authors suggested directions for improving the system of regulation of external labor migration, as well as measures to promote on its of use as an important element of economic development based on the analysis. Practical implications. The results of this paper can become the basis for the formation of migration policy of Ukraine according with European standards. Originality/Value. This paper is expanded of  the concept of the main directions and the principles of state migration policy, which the government of Ukraine must adhere to when forming it, has been. Research limitations/Future research. It is advisable to direct further research towards a quantitative analysis of the composition, structure and national characteristics of labor migrants.   Paper type – empirical.  

scholarly journals External labor migration in the Russian Federation

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Pavel A. Smelov ◽  
Elena A. Egorova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
International Labor ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Russian Federation

Purpose of the study. A problem of assessing international labor migration in the past twenty years is a very topical issue in many countries around the world. The main problem of the study of labor migration is the lack of full and reliable information about this phenomenon. The main objective of this study is to assess the possibility of statistical assessment of external labor migration in the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. The article provides an overview of the international basic documents in the field of the organization of labor statistics of migrants, and also defines the concepts of labor migration and foreign employees from the point of view of international and Russian legislation. The sources of information were the data of the summary information on migration records of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, as well as microdata on the form 5-PERSONAL INCOME TAX of the Federal Tax Service of Russia. The main methods, used in the study are: methods of analysis and synthesis, methods of data measuring and aggregating, methods of working with microdata, analytical indicators of the dynamics, graphical and tabular method.Results and conclusion. Based on the study, several conclusions can be drawn. First, in the Russian Federation there are objective administrative sources of data on legal external labor migrants. Secondly, these sources are not harmonized and it is necessary to carry out methodological work on the harmonization of data and the construction of time series on the number of external labor migrants. Also, these services need to provide access to their information system to the Federal State Statistics Service to compile data on external labor migrants in various socio-demographic sections. Third, then the legal external labor migration to the Russian Federation increases every year and in 2017 amounted to about 108 million people, the main source countries are post-Soviet countries, and the high-ranking subjects of attraction are the cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg and Moscow Region.

scholarly journals The Processes of Adaptation and Employment of Migrants from the Republic of Tajikistan in the Russian Federation (1991-2019)

2020 ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
S.F. Nazarshoeva ◽  
Kh.M. Mirzamonzoda ◽  
Kh.Kh. Davlatov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The article is devoted to the processes of adaptation and employment of migrants from the Republic of Tajikistan in the Russian Federation from 1991up to 2019. The author applied the conditional division of this period into two stages — from 1991up to 2000 and from 2001 up to the present time — according to the quantitative and qualitative differences that characterize each stage. Within the frameworks of both stages, historical, sociocultural and legal factors that influence the processes of adaptation and employment of Tajik migrants in the Russian Federation are analyzed. At the end, it is concluded that from 1991 to the present moment these processes have undergone a complex evolution. A negative impact on these processes is noted, exerted by the lack of large-scale domestic proj ects and programs aimed at helping and supporting labor migrants, as well as by imperfections in the migration legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan and the Russian Federation. However, the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan understands the need for cooperation with the Russian Federation in order to streamline the status of labor migrants from the Republic of Tajikistan in the Russian Federation and their protection, readiness for this cooperation, the officially expressed position of the Government of the Russian Federation, active work carried out in this direction by the Russian Federation of Migrants, and also by Tajik public organizations and human rights defenders, in general, indicate a positive trend in the decision to problems that impede the processes of adaptation and employment of migrants from the Republic of Tajikistan on the territory of the Russian Federation.

THE NEW PENSION REFORM – PATH TO PROSPERITY OR POVERTY? REALITIES AND EXPECTATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
L. M. TSALLAGOVA ◽  
◽  
N. B. KETOEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Pension Reform ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government

The article presents materials that allow us to trace the implementation of the new pension reform conceived by the government of the Russian Federation and the reality that makes us fear the possible risk of social negativity among people of retirement age and younger generations.

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