scholarly journals Effectiveness of Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid and Pap Smear for Early Detection of Cervical Cancer among Women attending Gynecology O.P.D of Tertiary Level Hospital Gwalior (M.P) India

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Nisha Mehta ◽  
Saroj Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Tertiary Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Level Hospital

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer in women in the world and the second most common cancer among Indian women. About 23% of the global cervical cancer burden is beard by India alone. The screening of cervical cancer is commonly done by a pap smear, visual inspection of acetic acid, human papillomavirus DNA testing etc. These identify precancerous changes which when treated can prevent the development of cancer. The objectives of the study were to screen the patient at Gynecology OPD by visual Inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and Pap smear for early detection of cervical cancer and to evaluate the efficacy of visual inspection with acetic acid and Pap smear in the early detection of cervical cancer. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 women attending Gynecology O.P.D of a Tertiary Level Hospital, Gwalior (India) by non-probability purposive sampling technique between 1st August to 30th August 2017. Pap smear was taken from each woman followed by VIA. Women with positive VIA and/or positive Pap smear were referred for colposcopy-directed cervical biopsy. Results: After the application of 3% VIA among 60 women, 16 (26.67%) developed acetowhite while 44 (73.33%) didn’t. While the result of Pap smear shows, 22 (36.66%) had an inflammatory smear, 6(10%) shows benign smear, 9(15%) bacterial vaginosis, 1(1.66%) squamous metaplastic cells, 12 (20%) shows adenocarcinoma and 10(16.66%) normal pap smear.  Conclusion: The study concludes that VIA and pap smear were effective methods for the early detection of cervical cancer. Visual inspection of the cervix after acetic acid application (VIA) is widely recommended as the method of choice in cervical cancer screening programs in resource-limited settings and developing countries because of its simplicity, cost-effectiveness and ability to link with immediate treatment.

scholarly journals The Correlation of the Perception of Early Detection Cervical Cancer with Attitude to do Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 044-049
Author(s):  
Laily Prima Monica ◽  
Maria Ulfa
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Test Method ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Correlational Design ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor that grows in the uterus / cervix which is the lowest part of the uterine core and is attached to the top of the vagina. The high incidence of cervical cancer in Indonesia is due to a lack of knowledge and perception of women to prevent the development of cervical cancer. The incomprehensive information about IVA test exposure is as the cause of the women didn't want to do the test. Lack of knowledge about the process of IVA test, feel fear and shame including feeling against to religion principles as the inhibitor factors to do test.  Method :The research design uses correlational design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population is 30 respondents and the sample consisted of 27 respondents using purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using Spearman rank. Results: The research data showed that there was a relationship between the level of perception of mothers about cervical cancer and the attitude of mothers to carry out the IVA test (Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid) p value = 0,000, so the p value = 0,000 <0.05 while r = 0.678. The relationship of perception with attitude shows that more than half of the respondents 66% have a  positive perception in early detection of cervical cancer and  they are positive about IVA (Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid).

scholarly journals Pengetahuan Wanita Usia Subur Tentang Kanker Serviks Dengan Perilaku Pemeriksaan Deteksi Dini Menggunakan IVA

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Sitti Mukarramah ◽  
Subriah Subriah ◽  
Wirawati Amin ◽  
Humrah Humrah
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test

Cervical cancer is the number one killer of women in the world caused by the Human Papilomma Virus. One of the early detection of cervical cancer by checking Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) is a simple way to detect cervical abnormalities. Knowledge of cervical cancer is one of the factors influencing WCBA behavior in conducting VIA examinations. This study aims to determine the relationship between WUS knowledge on cervical cancer with early detection examination behavior using VIA in Maradekaya Village. The research sample was 59 respondents with random sampling technique and a cross-sectional research design. The results showed that the respondents' knowledge about cervical cancer was included in the "tofu" category as many as 55 respondents (93.2%) and "do not know" category were 4 respondents (6.8%), respondents who did VIA examination were 22 respondents (37.3%) and those who did not perform VIA examination were 37 respondents (62.7%). Chi-square test with 95% CI showed a p-value of 0.521 (P> 0.05). These results indicate that there is no relationship between WCBA knowledge about cervical cancer with early detection using VIA in Maradekaya Village. Additional conclusions that can influence behavior it is culture.Kanker serviks adalah pembunuh wanita nomor satu di dunia yang disebabkan oleh Human Papilomma Virus. Salah satu deteksi dini kanker serviks dengan pemeriksaan Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) merupakan cara sederhana untuk mendeteksi kelainan serviks. Pengetahuan tentang kanker serviks merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku WCBA dalam melakukan pemeriksaan VIA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan WUS tentang kanker serviks dengan perilaku pemeriksaan deteksi dini menggunakan VIA di Desa Maradekaya. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 59 responden dengan teknik random sampling dan desain penelitian cross-sectional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan responden tentang kanker serviks termasuk dalam kategori “tahu” sebanyak 55 responden (93,2%) dan kategori “tidak tahu” sebanyak 4 responden (6,8%), responden yang melakukan pemeriksaan VIA sebanyak 22 responden. responden (37,3%) dan yang tidak melakukan pemeriksaan VIA sebanyak 37 responden (62,7%). Uji Chi-square dengan 95% CI menunjukkan nilai p 0,521 (P> 0,05). Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara pengetahuan WCBA tentang kanker serviks dengan deteksi dini menggunakan VIA di Desa Maradekaya. Kesimpulan tambahan yang dapat mempengaruhi perilaku itu adalah budaya.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of test characteristics of acetic acid, lugol’s iodine and toluidine blue stains in cervical cancer screening

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 4857
Author(s):  
Ankita Kumari ◽  
Neha Singh ◽  
Shaila Mitra ◽  
Reena Srivastav
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lugol’S Iodine

Background: Cervical cancer rank second in female cancer and India alone account for one fourth of the global cervical cancer burden. The study was aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of acetic acid (3%), lugol’s iodine and toluidine blue (1%) in detection of abnormal cervical lesions.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, BRD Medical College, Gorakhpur over a period of one year from July 2016 to June 2017. The study included 200 women in age group 20-60 years with signs and symptoms suspicious of abnormal cervical lesion. The cases were subjected to detailed history, clinical examination, Pap smear, Visual inspection test, colposcopy followed by cervical biopsy.Results: Out of total 200 patients, 114 patients had acetowhite area on VIA (visual inspection with acetic acid) test, 113 were VILI (visual inspection with lugol’s iodine) positive and 107 women stained positive with Toluidine blue but only 88 showed biopsy proven pre-invasive and invasive lesions. So, sensitivity of acetic acid, lugol’s iodine and Toluidine blue was 81.8%, 84.09% and 90.9% respectively. Similarly, the specificity of the three stains were 62.5%, 65.17% and 75.8% respectively.Conclusions: Toluidine blue (1%) has proved to be significantly more sensitive and specific stain as compared to acetic acid (3%) and lugol’s iodine (50% dilution) in diagnosing pre-invasive and invasive cervical cancer. Hence, it may aid as an important tool in screening and treating precancerous and cancerous lesions.

scholarly journals Visual Inspection of Cervix with Acetic Acid (VIA) as a Screening Tool for Early Detection of Cervical Pre-Cancer & Cancer.

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Zebunnessa Parvin ◽  
Lutfun Naher ◽  
Sanjoy Kumar Das ◽  
Shafeya Khanam ◽  
Nasrin Rosy
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Screening Programs

Cervical cancer continues to be a major public health problem in Bangladesh in the absence of satisfactory and organized cervical screening programs. World Health Organization (WHO) considered cervical cancer as a preventable disease, as it can be identified in the pre-invasive stage. Visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) is an effective, inexpensive screening test that can be combined with simple treatment procedure for early cervical lesions, provided by trained health workers. To evaluate the value of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) for early detection of cervical pre-cancer and cancer in low resource country like Bangladesh, diluted acetic acid 5% was applied to the cervix and visual inspection was done. VIA tests were done for at least 3 years interval, in case of married woman, for cervical cancer screening. Women with positive results were sent for colposcopy. From January to December 2014, in Gynae OPD of the Faridpur Medical College Hospital, Faridpur, a total of 2000 women were screened by VIA test. Fourty-one VIA positive cases were identified and referred for colposcopy. Out of 41 cases, 27 patients underwent colposcopic examination, among them CIN-1 was found in 21 cases, CIN-2 in 2 cases and CIN-3 in 2 cases. However, two cases were colposcopically negative. So even during gynecological practice, if we arrange a setup for cervical screening by VIA test, many women can be saved from future development of carcinoma cervix later in their lives.Faridpur Med. Coll. J. Jan 2018;13(1): 24-27

scholarly journals MENGENAL LEBIH DINI KANKER LEHER RAHIM BERSAMA FORUM KAJIAN DAN KOMUNIKASI MUSLIMAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
W. Winarni ◽  
Kanthi Suratih
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Early Detection Of Cancer ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Pap Smear Test ◽  
The World ◽  
Cancer Of The Cervix

Cervical cancer is a health issue for women around the world. In Indonesia, the case of cervical cancer ranks first with a number of cases 14,368 people. Of that amount, 7,297, died, and the prevalence of 10,823 people every year. A simple method of early detection of cancer of the cervix is quite effective for today's society IVA (Visual inspection with acetic acid). This method is already standardized, tested and expressed easier, simpler, and cheaper than the pap smear test. The methods used in this activity is healthy talk and the introduction of  how to sign symptoms of cervical cancer early. The model is developed in this activity Talkshow and Brainstorming. The targets are for  the mother's in the Forum for study and communication of Muslim Pucangan Kartosuro. The purpose of these activities are the participant has the ability to know the telltale symptoms of cervical cancer early and to having curiousity to detect cervical cancer early and understand what should they do if they find another signs of symptoms of cervical cancer.

scholarly journals FACTORS AFFECTING THE VISUAL INSPECTION OF ACETIC ACID EXAMINATION (IVA) IN PADANG CITY 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Lusiana El Sinta B ◽  
Laila Rahmi ◽  
Uliy Iffah
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
P Value ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Cross Sectional

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women with a mortality rate of 6.8% (WHO, 2015; Globocan, 2012). The incidence of cervical cancer ranks second after breast cancer in Southeast Asia and Indonesia. Based on data from the Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Health 2015, cervical cancer is the cancer with the highest prevalence of 0.8 per 1000 population (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, 2015). The high prevalence of cancer in Indonesia requires prevention and early detection by health service providers. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the inspection of Acetic Acid Visual Inspection (IVA) in Padang City.This type of research is quantitative with cross sectional design. The study was conducted at the Padang City Health Center in April-November 2019. The population was all women aged 30-50 years who were at the Padang City Health Center, amounting to 10,670 people, with a sample of 73 people taken by consecutive sampling technique. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by univariate and bivariate analysis.More than half (64.4%) of women of childbearing age (WUS) have never had an IVA examination, more than half (58.9%) of women have a risk age, less than half (39.7%) women have low levels of education , more than half (60.3%) WUS with working status, there was no relationship between the age of WUS with IVA examination (p value = 0.182), there was a relationship between WUS education level and IVA examination (p value = 0.031), there was no relationship between the status of WUS work and IVA examination (p value = 0.404). It is expected that officials and leaders of puskesmas will develop more attractive ways to be able to convince and increase awareness and concern of the WUS themselves in conducting IVA examinations.

scholarly journals Cervical Cancer Screening Behind Bars: A Woman’s Right

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumita Mehta ◽  
Anshuja Singla ◽  
Payal Jadaun
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
North India ◽  
Women Prisoners ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Prisoners ◽  
Screening Programs

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women across the globe. Women prisoners are a vulnerable population, so timely provision of screening programs is of utmost importance in this population. Aim: To screen female prisoners for cervical cancer using visual inspection with acetic acid method. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on women inmates in one of the largest prisons of North India. A total of 181 women prisoners aged 18 and older were interviewed using a questionnaire. After an informed consent, women were screened using Visual Inspection with Acetic acid (VIA). Results: Majority of the women (74.03%) were between 21 to 40 years. Ninety-one women (50.2%) were illiterate. Majority of the women (123) had between one and three pregnancies. Majority (43) used condoms as a birth control method. Thirty-eight women (20.9%) had multiple partners. Among 181 women who were screened for cervical cancer, 22.6% were VIA positive. Conclusion: Women prisoners are at a high risk of cervical cancer because of increased prevalence of risk factors in them. Screening and intervention programs must be in place to ensure organisation of health services within the prison environment so that screening, diagnosis and treatment for cervical carcinoma can be provided at early stages with improved prognosis.

scholarly journals Cervical Cancer Screening

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prof. Tayyiba Wasim
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Effective Screening ◽  
The World

<p>Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women in the world and second commonest cancer in less developed countries. It is estimated that 528, 000 cases are reported ever year with 80% reported in underdeveloped countries.<sup>1</sup> It is one of the few cancers which have a well defined, approachable and early detectable pre cancerous stage which takes 10 – 15 years to transform into invasive disease. Exposure to HPV infection especially 16 &amp; 18 along with risk factors of early age in first intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and smoking and low socio economic status all make women more vulnerable to cervical cancer.<sup>2</sup> According to recent PDHS survey, women in Pakistan marry at a median age of 19.5 years and 8% of teenage pregnancy happen.<sup>3</sup> Extra marital sex is prevalent although not talked about much. In Pakistan incidence of cervical cancer is reported to be 3.6% of all cancers with screening coverage of 1.9%.<sup>4</sup></p><p>      Effective screening program of Pap smear has resulted in decline of incidence and mortality in the developed world. The standard practice is to screen women using cytology every 3 years starting from 21 – 65 years.<sup>5</sup> In contrast, this program is a failure in the developing countries because of lack of laboratory infrastructure, trained cytologist, cost and follow up visit requirement especially in rural areas. The menace of disease is visible when it is already spreaded adding the threat to human life and burden to health care system.</p><p>      The visual inspection of cervix with acetic acid (VIA) has been advocated as an alternative screening method to Pap smear in developing countries. It comprises of application of 5% acetic acid to the cervix and visualization of acetowhite area. It is simple, cheap, and easy to perform, does not require lab infrastructure and can be learnt easily. WHO guideline<sup>6</sup> suggests VIA as recommended screening method in developing countries. VIA has been evaluated in large number of clinical trials in India, Bangladesh and Africa in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive &amp; negative predictive value in detecting CIN and has been found a reliable screening test.<sup>7-10</sup> HPV DNA testing is now the recommended screening test according to recent AS-CO guideline.<sup>11</sup> Screening in developing countries has been addressed in this guideline for the very first time and VIA has been suggested for basic settings.</p><p>      Effective treatment approaches in the form of Cryotherapy, LEEP/LETTZ and cold knife conization are present for cervical premalignancy. Screen and treat approach at single visit is now recommended by WHO in low and middle income countries.<sup>6</sup></p><p>      More than 2 million women worldwide have cervical cancer. Despite evidence that cervical cancer has declined in certain regions of the world and that survival in women with this cancer has improved, far too many women die from this cancer every year in developing countries due to lack of effective screening programmes. Primary prevention in the form of HPV vaccine was introduced 10 years ago but it is still not widely used in resource poor countries due to its cost.<sup>12</sup> Interventions that do not require massive capital investment are available and need to be explored in low resource settings, where access to early detection of cervical cancer is generally limited. It is hoped that decision makers are enlightened about possible alternative strategy in the form of visual inspection of acetic acid for cervical cancer screening that could improve the lives of women by early detection, destigmatize this disease in community, and ensure that they remain on the healthcare agenda. A three prong strategy including sexual health education, screening and HPV vaccination should be global health priority to reduce burden of this highly preventable cancer.</p>

Comparison of Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid and the Pap Smear for Cervical Cancer Screening

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parul Sinha ◽  
Pritika Srivastava ◽  
Anand Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Pap Smear ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) in the early detection of cervical cancer and compare it with the Pap smear. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 3 months. A total of 316 patients who attended the Gynecology Outpatient Department of Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and gave their informed consent were included. Results: VIA was found positive in 38 patients (12.6%). Pap smear was positive in 31 patients (10.3%). Twenty-eight patients had a positive VIA and a positive Pap smear, 3 had a negative VIA and a positive Pap smear, 10 had a positive VIA and a negative Pap smear, and 34 had a negative VIA and a negative Pap smear. Conclusion: The sensitivity of VIA and the Pap smear was found to be nearly equal, 93.3 and 93.8%, respectively. The Pap smear was found to be more specific than VIA, i.e., 72.9 versus 60%. In terms of test accuracy, the Pap smear was found to have greater test accuracy, i.e., 77.3 versus 66.7% for VIA.

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