scholarly journals Hipotesis Pengimbuhan me(N)- dan menge- dalam Bahasa Melayu Standard

Jurnal Bahasa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-266
Author(s):  
Sato Rahmat Hirobumi ◽  
◽  
Jamian Mohamad ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Physical Experiment ◽  
Similar Form ◽  
Collision Process ◽  
Acoustic Phonetics ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
The 19Th Century

This study focuses on the intricacies of the collisions of prefixes me(n)- and pe(n)- with root words in standard Malay. Some scholars use the idea of "available existing choice", while others from the generative stream use the idea of "generative rules" with fixing the forms meng- {məN-} and peng- {pəN-} as basic morphemes. Both ideas in fact do not deviate from the rules of assimilation of articulation area at the boundary of two morphemes. However, the intricacies of the collisions of two morphemes have not been clarified physiologically. The phenomenon of the collisions of two morphemes has been observed since the 19th century but the details of the collision process have not been studied scientifically. Evidently, the generative rules in use now are not correct based on the physical experiment. We begin by presenting a hypothesis on the forming processes of the variations of prefixes concerned in terms of physiology and computer-aided acoustic phonetics (ANALYSIS [I] - [VI]). In the second stage, another similar form of affixes, i.e. the prefixes menge-, penge- or the confixes menge-/-kan, penge-/-an are hypothesized as new forms in Malay, influenced by the Sundanese prefix nge(n)- (ANALYSIS [VII]).

scholarly journals Hipotesis Proses Pengimbuhan me(N)- dan menge- dalam Bahasa Melayu Standard

Jurnal Bahasa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-266
Author(s):  
Sato Hirobumi ◽  
◽  
Jamian Mohamad ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Physical Experiment ◽  
Similar Form ◽  
Collision Process ◽  
Acoustic Phonetics ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
The 19Th Century

This study focuses on the intricacies of the collisions of prefixes me(N)- and pe(N)- with root words in standard Malay. Some scholars use the idea of "available existing choice", while others from the generative stream use the idea of "generative rules" with fixing the forms meng- {məN-} and peng- {pəN-} as basic morphemes. Both ideas in fact do not deviate from the rules of assimilation of articulation area at the boundary of two morphemes. However, the intricacies of the collisions of two morphemes have not been clarified physiologically. The phenomenon of the collisions of two morphemes has been observed since the 19th century but the details of the collision process have not been studied scientifically. Evidently, the generative rules in use now are not correct based on the physical experiment. We begin by presenting a hypothesis on the forming processes of the variations of prefixes concerned in terms of physiology and computer-aided acoustic phonetics (ANALYSIS [I] - [VI]). In the second stage, another similar form of affixes, i.e. the prefixes menge-, penge- or the confixes menge-/-kan, penge-/-an are hypothesized as new forms in Malay, influenced by the Sundanese prefix nge(N)- (ANALYSIS [VII]).

scholarly journals IMPROVEMENT OF THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR THE SUPPLY OF MILITARY PRODUCTS BY STATE-OWNED MINING PLANTS IN THE URALS IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE 19TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 143-149
Author(s):  
A. A. Bakshaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Special Committee ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Military Orders ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The article examines the activities of public authorities to improve the procedure for manufacturing and acceptance of military products in the first third of the 19th century. The author notes that the unsatisfactory performance of military outfits by state-owned plants in the Urals, as well as numerous disputes over the rejection of metals, guns and shells between military receivers and the mining administration forced them to revise the existing laws governing acceptance of military products. There were two stages in the development of the regulatory framework for the military order. At the first stage, in 1804, on the initiative of the Minister of Finance, approved by the imperial decree, a special committee was created, consisting of the leaders of Ministry of Land Forces, the Naval Ministry and the Ministry of Finance. As a result, new rules for testing and acceptance of military products were developed. Already in 1808, those rules required processing, which was handled by the Scientific Committee for the Artillery Unit of the Artillery Department. Representatives of the Mining Department were also involved in the work on improving the rules. As a result, new requirements for accepting guns and shells were developed. The second stage of improving the legislation governing the production of military products covers the 1820s – early 1830s. By the early 1820s, state-owned plants of the Urals could no longer cope with the repeatedly increasing volumes of military orders. In addition, they were charged with the manufacture of new types of military products. As a result, in 1822, on the initiative of the Minister of Finance, a special committee was again created from the officials of the Artillery and Mining departments. The result of its activities was the improvement of the supply system of military products, the reduction in orders and the development of new rules for trial and acceptance of military products.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

THE IDEA OF «COMMUNITY» IN THE GOVERNMENT CONCEPTS OF GALICIA OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Liubomyr Ilyn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze and systematize the views of social and political thinkers of Galicia in the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. on the right and manner of organizing a nation-state as a cathedral. Method. The methodology includes a set of general scientific, special legal, special historical and philosophical methods of scientific knowledge, as well as the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematic and comprehensive. The problem-chronological approach made it possible to identify the main stages of the evolution of the content of the idea of catholicity in Galicia's legal thought of the 19th century. Results. It is established that the idea of catholicity, which was borrowed from church terminology, during the nineteenth century. acquired clear legal and philosophical features that turned it into an effective principle of achieving state unity and integrity. For the Ukrainian statesmen of the 19th century. the idea of catholicity became fundamental in view of the separation of Ukrainians between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The idea of unity of Ukrainians of Galicia and the Dnieper region, formulated for the first time by the members of the Russian Trinity, underwent a long evolution and received theoretical reflection in the work of Bachynsky's «Ukraine irredenta». It is established that catholicity should be understood as a legal principle, according to which decisions are made in dialogue, by consensus, and thus able to satisfy the absolute majority of citizens of the state. For Galician Ukrainians, the principle of unity in the nineteenth century. implemented through the prism of «state» and «international» approaches. Scientific novelty. The main stages of formation and development of the idea of catholicity in the views of social and political figures of Halychyna of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries are highlighted in the work. and highlighting the distinctive features of «national statehood» that they promoted and understood as possible in the process of unification of Ukrainian lands into one state. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of special courses.

Book reviews

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-226
Author(s):  
Kurdish Studies
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Spatial Control ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Turkish State ◽  
The 19Th Century

Andrea Fischer-Tahir and Sophie Wagenhofer (edsF), Disciplinary Spaces: Spatial Control, Forced Assimilation and Narratives of Progress since the 19th Century, Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2017, 300 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-8376-3487-7).Ayşegül Aydın and Cem Emrence, Zones of Rebellion: Kurdish Insurgents and the Turkish State, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2015, 192 pp., (ISBN: 978-0-801-45354-0).Evgenia I. Vasil’eva, Yugo-Vostochniy Kurdistan v XVI-XIX vv. Istochnik po Istorii Kurdskikh Emiratov Ardelan i Baban. [South-Eastern Kurdistan in the XVI-XIXth cc. A Source for the Study of Kurdish Emirates of Ardalān and Bābān], St Petersburg: Nestor-Istoria, 2016. 176 pp., (ISBN 978-5-4469-0775-5).Karin Mlodoch, The Limits of Trauma Discourse: Women Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq, Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2014, 541 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-87997-719-2). 

Calisthenics and bodyweight exercises: different concepts or scientific synonyms?

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Leury Max Da Silva Chaves ◽  
Gabriel Vinicius Santos ◽  
Cauê La Scala Teixeira ◽  
Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Training Method ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The 19Th Century

 Bodyweight exercises (also popularly known as calisthenics) is a classic training method and its practice has been widespread since the 19th century, but little evidenced in the scientific literature over the years. This type of training aims to promote multi-system adaptations using body weight as an overload with no or few implements [1–3]. This characteristic makes exercise with body weight easy to apply, in addition to having an excellent cost-benefit ratio when compared to other training possibilities that require machines or materials [4,5].

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