scholarly journals A review on vaccines – benefits and risks

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Akhil Susmith P ◽  
Soha Sanobar ◽  
Prathyusha Vadluri ◽  
Bhavya Sri ◽  
Pratap Kabya
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
General Review ◽  
Health Market

The article outlines the benefits and risks of vaccines. Vaccine safety and myths and misinformation, the general review of the importance of the vaccines. Steps involved in the Development of Vaccines and also illustrates the immunization importance and its disadvantages. Administration of vaccines in different age groups. Classification of different available vaccines in the health market. Also stating the possible adverse drug reactions / potential side effects of the vaccines and their monitoring and management of adrs. We concluded that Vaccine acceptance must be widespread in order to provide herd immunity so that individuals who cannot be directly protected by vaccination are protected by communal immunity. The danger is quite low, and the advantages of vaccinations usually outweigh it.

scholarly journals Pharmacovigilance in perspective: drug withdrawals, data mining and policy implications

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muaed Alomar ◽  
Subish Palaian ◽  
Moawia M. Al-tabakha
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Drug Withdrawals

Considering that marketed drugs are not free from side effects, many countries have initiated pharmacovigilance programs. These initiatives have provided countries with methods of detection and prevention of adverse drug reactions at an earlier stage, thus preventing harm occurring in the larger population. In this review, examples of drug withdrawals due to effective pharmacovigilance programs have been provided with details. In addition, information concerning data mining in pharmacovigilance, an effective method to assess pharmacoepidemiologic data and detecting signals for rare and uncommon side effects, is also examined, which is a method synchronized with information technology and advanced electronic tools. The importance of policy framework in relation to pharmacovigilance is discussed in detail, and country experiences upon implementation of pharmacovigilance policies is highlighted.

scholarly journals Side Effects of mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines among Young Adults (18–30 Years Old): An Independent Post-Marketing Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1049
Author(s):  
Abanoub Riad ◽  
Andrea Pokorná ◽  
Jitka Klugarová ◽  
Natália Antalová ◽  
Lucia Kantorová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Common Side Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Validated Questionnaire

Young adults had been widely perceived as a low-risk group for COVID-19 severity; therefore, they were deprioritised within the mass vaccination strategies as their prognosis of COVID-19 infection is relatively more favourable than older age groups. On the other hand, vaccination of this demographic group is indispensable to achieve herd immunity. A cross-sectional survey-based study was used to evaluate the side effects of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines among university students in the Czech Republic. The validated questionnaire was delivered in a digital form, and it consisted of demographic data; COVID-19 vaccine-related anamnesis; and local, systemic, orofacial, and skin-related side effects’ prevalence, onset, and duration. Out of the 539 included participants, 70.1% were females and 45.8% were <23 years old. The vast majority (95.2%) reported at least one side effect. The most common side effect was injection site pain (91.8%), followed by fatigue (62.5%), headache (36.4%), and muscle pain (34.9%). The majority of local side effects occurred after both doses (74.4%), while most systemic side effects occurred after the second dose only (56.2%). Most local (94.2%) and systemic (93.3%) side effects resolved within three days after vaccination. Females participants’ adjusted odds ratio (AOR) showed they were 2.566 (CI 95%: 1.103–5.970) times more likely to experience post-vaccination side effects, and the participants who received two doses reported an increased AOR of 1.896 (0.708–5.077) for experiencing side effects. The results of this study imply that mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines are highly probably safe for young adults, and further studies are required to investigate the role of medical anamnesis, prior COVID-19 infection, and gender in side effects incidence.

Adverse drug reactions and drug interactions

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Wiffen ◽  
Marc Mitchell ◽  
Melanie Snelling ◽  
Nicola Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Adverse Drug Events ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Significant Cost

Introduction to ADRs 14Classification of ADRs 15Adverse reactions: drug or disease? 16Helping patients understand the risk of ADRs 17Reporting ADRs 18Drug interactions 20Managing drug interactions 23Adverse drug reactions (ADRs), also known as ‘side effects’, ‘adverse drug events’, or ‘drug misadventures’, are a frequent cause of morbidity in hospital and the community. They have a significant cost both financially and in terms of quality of life. Few studies of ADRs have been carried out in the community so the effect on primary care is harder to assess, but studies in the hospital environment have shown the following. ...

Drug Allergies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L Baldwin ◽  
Aimee L. Speck
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Type A ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Type B ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an important public health problem. An ADR is defined by the World Health Organization as an unintended, noxious response to a drug that occurs at a dose usually tolerated by normal subjects. The classification of ADRs by Rawlins and Thompson divides ADRs into two major subtypes: (1) type A reactions, which are dose dependent and predictable, and (2) type B reactions, which are uncommon and unpredictable. The majority of ADRs are type A reactions, which include four subtypes: overdosage or toxicity, side effects, secondary effects, and interactions. Type B reactions constitute approximately 10 to 15% of all ADRs and include four subtypes: drug intolerance, idiosyncratic reactions, pseudoallergic reactions, and drug hypersensitivity reactions. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of ADRs, risk factors for drug hypersensitivity reactions, the classification of drug reactions, diagnostic tests, reactions to specific drugs, and management of the patient with drug allergy. Figures illustrate drugs as haptens and prohaptens, the Gell and Coombs system, the four basic immunologic mechanisms for drug reactions, the chemical structure of different β-lactam antibiotics, penicillin skin testing, sulfonamide metabolism and haptenation, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug effects, and patient management. Tables outline the classification of ADRs, drugs frequently implicated in allergic drug reactions, and reagents and concentrations recommended for prick and intradermal skin testing. This review contains 8 figures, 7 tables, and 60 references. Key Words: Adverse drug reactions, drug hypersensitivity reactions, overdosage, toxicity, Type A reactions, Type B reactions, human leukocyte antigen, pruritus, angioedema, urticarial, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, rhinoconjunctivitis

Drug Allergies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L Baldwin ◽  
Aimee L. Speck
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity ◽  
Type A ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Type B ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Drug Hypersensitivity Reactions

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are an important public health problem. An ADR is defined by the World Health Organization as an unintended, noxious response to a drug that occurs at a dose usually tolerated by normal subjects. The classification of ADRs by Rawlins and Thompson divides ADRs into two major subtypes: (1) type A reactions, which are dose dependent and predictable, and (2) type B reactions, which are uncommon and unpredictable. The majority of ADRs are type A reactions, which include four subtypes: overdosage or toxicity, side effects, secondary effects, and interactions. Type B reactions constitute approximately 10 to 15% of all ADRs and include four subtypes: drug intolerance, idiosyncratic reactions, pseudoallergic reactions, and drug hypersensitivity reactions. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of ADRs, risk factors for drug hypersensitivity reactions, the classification of drug reactions, diagnostic tests, reactions to specific drugs, and management of the patient with drug allergy. Figures illustrate drugs as haptens and prohaptens, the Gell and Coombs system, the four basic immunologic mechanisms for drug reactions, the chemical structure of different β-lactam antibiotics, penicillin skin testing, sulfonamide metabolism and haptenation, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug effects, and patient management. Tables outline the classification of ADRs, drugs frequently implicated in allergic drug reactions, and reagents and concentrations recommended for prick and intradermal skin testing. This review contains 8 figures, 7 tables, and 60 references. Key Words: Adverse drug reactions, drug hypersensitivity reactions, overdosage, toxicity, Type A reactions, Type B reactions, human leukocyte antigen, pruritus, angioedema, urticarial, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, rhinoconjunctivitis

TOXICITIES OF TARGETED THERAPY AND IMMUNE-RELATED ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS OF IMMUNOTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF METASTATIC MELANOMA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidija Kandolf Sekulović
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Metastatic Melanoma ◽  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Mek Inhibitor ◽  
Braf Inhibitors ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Acneiform Eruption

Targeted therapy and immunotherapy changed the treatment landscape for metastatic melanoma, which is chemotherapy resistant cancer. In pre-innovation era, the overall survival of patients with metastatic melanoma was 6 months, while today 5-year overall survival rate of 34% (and 50% in good prognostic groups) is evident. However, both treatments have their side effects, and cutaneous are the most frequent. Treating physicians in oncology centres, but also primary care specialists, need to be aware of their spectrum which differs for each class of drug: BRAF inhibitors, MEK inhibitors and immunotherapy with anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4. While BRAF inhibitors have the most prominent adverse effects which are class specific, there are also drug-specific adverse effects. For example, vemurafenib causes photosensitivity, which is not specific for dabrafenib, while dabrafenib induces pyrexia, that occurs much less frequently with other BRAF inhibitors. Cutaneous rash and cutaneous neoplasms which develop due to paradoxical activation of RAS signalling are described with BRAF inhibitor monotherapy. These side-effects are much less common in combination therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitor, but MEK inhibitor itself causes characteristic acneiform eruption, and serous retinopathy. Immune related adverse drug reactions are a hallmark of the immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy, which can affect every organ system, and most commonly skin, lungs and gastrointestinal system, with differential frequencies recorded with anti-CTLA4 therapy and anti PD-1 therapy. Skin reactions most frequently include pruritus and eczematous reactions, as well as vitiligo-like hypopigmentation, which is linked Melanom 45 to the better response to treatment. In this review, frequent and rare side effects are presented, as well as the current algorithms for their treatment.

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