Sugar hydrolysis and colour formation in processing

2020 ◽  
pp. 540-548
Author(s):  
Jan Maarten de Bruijn
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Technological Impact ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Required Quality ◽  
White Sugar ◽  
Sugar Hydrolysis

The stability of the sucrose molecule throughout processing is of the utmost importance, because in principle any sugar loss will increase the production costs per tonne of the obtained white sugar. Colour in processing is an important technological parameter too, since only an adequate colour control in processing allows the cost-effective production of white sugar crystals of the required quality. For process control of both sugar hydrolysis and colour formation it is necessary to understand the effect of pH value, temperature and retention time on these phenomena. This paper will describe the possible causes of sugar hydrolysis and colour, as well as how to control pH values and temperature in processing in order to limit the technological impact of both reactions in which invert sugar plays a central role.

Study on Influence of Silicate Morphology Based on pH Value

2012 ◽  
Vol 454 ◽  
pp. 324-328
Author(s):  
Yan He ◽  
Ya Jing Liu ◽  
Yong Lin Cao ◽  
Li Xia Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Silicic Acid ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Degree Of Polymerization ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
The Stability

Infra-red absorption spectrometry, X-ray diffraction observations and characterization tests based on silicon molybdenum colorimetric method were used to investigate the optimal pH value controlling the stability of the silicic acid form. The experiment process was done by using sodium silicate as raw material. The results showed that the solution of silicate influenced the polymerization. The active silicic acid solution with a certain degree of polymerization was obtained by controlling the pH values.

USING MALIC ACID SOLUTIONS FOR THE HYDRATION OF VEGETABLE OILS AND LECITHIN PRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.А. МАРЧЕНКО ◽  
Т.Н. БОКОВИКОВА ◽  
Е.В. ЛИСОВАЯ ◽  
С.А. ИЛЬИНОВА ◽  
Е.П. ВИКТОРОВА
Keyword(s):  
Malic Acid ◽  
Complex Compounds ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Magnesium Ions ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium Ions

Исследована возможность применения яблочной кислоты (ЯК) в качестве гидратирующего агента для перевода негидратируемых форм фосфолипидов в гидратируемые. Выбор ЯК обусловлен ее стоимостью, которая в 1,5 раза меньше стоимости янтарной кислоты, широко применяемой в качестве гидратирующего агента, а также большей доступностью с точки зрения промышленного производства. Исследование процесса комплексообразования и определение состава комплексных соединений ЯК с ионами кальция и магния осуществляли методом потенциометрического титрования. Установлено, что внесение в раствор ЯК ионов кальция и магния приводит к снижению значений рН, что свидетельствует о наличии комплексообразования в указанных системах. Наиболее устойчивыми являются комплексы ионов кальция и магния с непротонированным лигандом при соотношении Ме2 : лиганд 1 : 1. В процессе комплексообразования ионы Ca2 и Mg2 вытесняют протоны только карбоксильных групп ЯК, которая с ионами кальция образует более устойчивые комплексы, чем с ионами магния. Показано, что устойчивость комплексов ЯК с ионами кальция и магния значительно выше, чем устойчивость комплексов фосфатидилсеринов и фосфатидных кислот с указанными ионами. Использование водных растворов ЯК в качестве гидратирующего агента позволит повысить эффективность процесса гидратации и увеличить выход фосфолипидов и, следовательно, готового продукта лецитина. The possibility of using malic acid (MA) as a hydrating agent for converting non-hydrated forms of phospholipids into hydrated ones has been investigated. The choice of MA is due to its cost, which is 1,5 times less than the cost of succinic acid, as well as greater availability from the point of view of industrial production. The study of the complexation process and determination of the composition of complex compounds of MA with calcium and magnesium ions was carried out by the method of potentiometric titration. It was found that the introduction of calcium and magnesium ions into the MA solution leads to a decrease in pH values, which indicates the presence of complexation in these systems. Complexes of calcium and magnesium ions with an unprotected ligand at a ratio of ME2 : ligand 1 : 1 are the most stable. In the process of complexing, Ca2 and Mg2 ions displace protons only of the carboxyl groups of MA, which forms more stable complexes with calcium ions than with magnesium ions. It is shown that the stability of MA complexes with calcium and magnesium ions is significantly higher than the stability of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid complexes with these ions. Using water solutions of MA as a hydrating agent will increase the efficiency of the hydration process and increase the yield of phospholipids and, consequently, the finished product lecithin.

Dyeing Properties to Wool Fabrics of Catechu Dye Purified by Micro-Filtration Membrane

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuliang Hou ◽  
Li Wei ◽  
Xinlong Zhang ◽  
Huihui Wu ◽  
Qicheng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Wool Fabric ◽  
Color Fastness ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Filtration Membrane ◽  
Wool Fabrics ◽  
Characteristic Values ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Different Levels

Catechu liquor, which is deep brown-red in color, was purified with a micro-filtration membrane and the stability of catechu dye to different levels of temperatures and pH were investigated in this paper. The effects of the dyeing conditions on color characteristic values and color fastnesses of the dyed wool fabrics were also investigated. The results show that the liquor of catechu dye is stable at pH values of 3-7 and its color changes to a deeper brown-red when its pH value is above 8. The preferable dyeing conditions for wool fabric with refined powder catechu dye are as follows: dyeing temperature of 100±C, pH value of 6.5 for the dye bath and catechu dye of 1-4% (o.w.f). The dyed wool fabric has good color fastnesses to washing, alkali perspiration and dry rubbing. However, its color fastness rating to wet rubbing is poor, ranging from 2-3. Further research will be needed on this aspect.

scholarly journals The Immobilization of Lipases on Porous Support by Adsorption and Hydrophobic Interaction Method

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Nur Fathiah Mokhtar ◽  
Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd. Rahman ◽  
Noor Dina Muhd Noor ◽  
Fairolniza Mohd Shariff ◽  
Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Immobilized Enzymes ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Adsorption Method ◽  
Porous Support ◽  
Microbial Lipases ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Hydrophobic Supports

Four major enzymes commonly used in the market are lipases, proteases, amylases, and cellulases. For instance, in both academic and industrial levels, microbial lipases have been well studied for industrial and biotechnological applications compared to others. Immobilization is done to minimize the cost. The improvement of enzyme properties enables the reusability of enzymes and facilitates enzymes used in a continuous process. Immobilized enzymes are enzymes physically confined in a particularly defined region with retention to their catalytic activities. Immobilized enzymes can be used repeatedly compared to free enzymes, which are unable to catalyze reactions continuously in the system. Immobilization also provides a higher pH value and thermal stability for enzymes toward synthesis. The main parameter influencing the immobilization is the support used to immobilize the enzyme. The support should have a large surface area, high rigidity, suitable shape and particle size, reusability, and resistance to microbial attachment, which will enhance the stability of the enzyme. The diffusion of the substrate in the carrier is more favorable on hydrophobic supports instead of hydrophilic supports. The methods used for enzyme immobilization also play a crucial role in immobilization performance. The combination of immobilization methods will increase the binding force between enzymes and the support, thus reducing the leakage of the enzymes from the support. The adsorption of lipase on a hydrophobic support causes the interfacial activation of lipase during immobilization. The adsorption method also causes less or no change in enzyme conformation, especially on the active site of the enzyme. Thus, this method is the most used in the immobilization process for industrial applications.

Role of APQP and PPAP in Supply Chain Management

Paradigm ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
V.K. Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Quality Management System ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Cost

Waves of liberalization are sweeping all over the world breaking political barriers, integrating world capital and financial markets, opening up international trade and freeing import of technology or raw materials from licenses. New challenges and opportunities have been thrown up. The new economic scenario has also brought in risks of increased competition. As the customer is supreme, only those enterprises are going to be successful, which are able to provide goods and services to the customer in a timely cost-effective manner and also provide quality, which not only satisfies him but delights him. This means that the enterprise has to manage its operations in such a way that the production costs and delivery costs are kept to the minimum and margins are optimized. Simultaneously, it has to build a culture of quality and productivity because without that it is just not possible to survive. Finally, to stay always one step ahead of the competition, there has to be an element of creativity. Advance Product Quality Planning and Production Part Approval Process help the organization to be creative and innovative in approach in addressing all customers' related issues. Both these tools are very important while implementing quality management system requirements pertaining to ISO/TS 16949:2002. These tools are generic in nature and can help any type of industry. Effective implementation of PPAP will help the supply chain to improve the quality of the product, reduce the cost by optimal use of resources and maintain on time delivery at competitive cost.

Study on Properties of PG Separated and Purified from Actinidia arguta

2013 ◽  
Vol 850-851 ◽  
pp. 1197-1201
Author(s):  
Shu Qian Li ◽  
Chang Jiang Liu ◽  
Guang Xin ◽  
Bo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Michaelis Constant ◽  
Actinidia Arguta ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Optimal Reaction Temperature ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Thermo Stability ◽  
Optimal Reaction

Polygalacturonase (PG) is key enzyme for softening consenescence mechanism of fruits. In this work, Properties of PG separated and purified from wildActinidia Argutawere studied. The result shows that the optimal reaction temperature is 40°C with a high enzyme activity around 30-50°C. PG keeps a thermo stability at the temperature ranging from 30-40°C, which decreases with increasing of temperature and PG will lose all its activity under 60-70°C for 1h. The optimal reaction pH value for this enzyme is 5.5. As far as the stability in different pH values is concerned, PG is relatively stable for preservation at pH4.5-6.5.The michaelis constant for PG is 27.31. When the concentration for EDTA is higher than 2mmol/L, it is inhibitive for PG . The metal ions of K+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+can activate the PG enzyme to some extent, the strength of activation:Mg2+Fe3+K+Fe2+Ca2+;The metal ions of Cu2+Zn2+Mn2+Ba2+Al3+can inhibit PG enzyme to some extent, the strength of inhibition:Al3+Ba2+Mn2+Cu2+Zn2+.

The sorption of lead and cadmium species by clay minerals

1977 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Farrah ◽  
WF Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ion ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Cadmium Ions ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Metal Ion Adsorption ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Anionic Complexes ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Protonated Ligand ◽  
Ligand Species

The effect of pH changes and the presence of ligands on the uptake of lead and cadmium ions by three types of clay mineral (kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite) has been investigated. ��� In the absence of ligands, metal ion adsorption increases gradually with increasing pH until a threshold pH value is exceeded, whereupon total precipitation/sorption (attributed to formation of hydroxy species) occurs. With ligands present, the threshold point tends to shift to higher pH values, the magnitude of the effect depending on the stability of the metal complex formed. Adsorption of cationic metal complexes is subject to competition from charged protonated ligand species; anionic complexes are not sorbed.

scholarly journals Soybean Cultivation Cost-effectiveness Depending on Bacterial Preparations and Growth Stimulants Use

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
O G Shabaldas ◽  
O M Agafonov ◽  
T G Zelenskaia ◽  
O V Mukhina ◽  
E E Stepanenk
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Ordinary Chernozem ◽  
Stimulant Use ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Russian Scientific Research Institute ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Bacterial Preparations

Researches and analysis of the data obtained on the basis of the Armavir Experimental Station of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Oilseeds establish the most effective bacterial preparations, growth stimulants and their combination for soybean cultivation under conditions of unstable moisture on ordinary chernozem. The soybeans yield during the seed treatment with the rhizobial preparation Nitrofix P (2 kg/t) in combination with the film former was the highest and amounted to 1.83 t/ha, which is 0.23 t/ha higher than in the control. It also obtained the maximum collection of plant protein – 0,69 t/ha. The highest yields (1.72–1.83 t/ha) and relatively low production costs allow getting quite high profits (19,472–22,191 rub/ha) with complex soybeans seed treatment with rusobial preparations containing a film former. The maximum profitability in the study of seed treatment with rhizobial preparations was obtained in the variants with the use of the preparations Nitrofiks P and Nitrofiks Zh in combination with the film-forming agent – 95–107 %, which is higher in comparison with the use of bacterial preparations by 2–15 %, and with the control by 12–24 %. The most cost-effective (107 %) was the use of rhizobial Nitrofix preparation in its powder form (2 kg/t) combining with a film former. The obtaining soybeans yield – 1.73 t/ha in the treatment of seeds combining with a rhizobial preparation in combination with a growth stimulator Nagro bioenergetic made it possible to get the highest profit – 19 668 rubles/ha. Given the cost of production and profit per hectare rate, the highest level of profitability was obtained when applying seed treatment with the rhizobial preparation Nitrofiks Zh in combination with Albit and Nagro bioenergetic growth stimulants: 91–94 %. Hence it has been established that the bacterial preparations for treating seeds in combination with a film former and growth stimulant use provides high profits and increases the soybean cultivation profitability level.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF PH ON THE STABILITY OF COORDINATION COMPOUNDS OF CO(III) WITH DIAMINOETHANOL LIGANDS IN NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (61) ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
I. Kuzevanova ◽  
◽  
S. Povalchyk ◽  
A. Zulfigarov ◽  
A. Andriiko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Compound ◽  
Coordination Compounds ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Precursor Solution ◽  
Polynuclear Complex ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Partial Hydrolysis ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Inner complex compound of cobalt(III) with diaminoethanol, [Co(DetmHdetm)], and polynuclear complex compound 2Co-Ni with diaminoethanol, [Ni(CoDetmHdetm)2](NO3)2, were synthesized. Stabilities of the obtained compounds were investigated in non-aqueous (dimethylformamide) solutions at different values of pH (from acid to alkaline). Methods of potentiometric titration and electron absorption spectra were used to determine the range of pH values where the compounds do not decompose. As a result of these studies, we found that at the upper value of pH=7, the coordination surrounding of the metals (Co(III), Ni(II)) does not change. When the pH value becomes lower than 7 (with adding HCl acide), the inner complex of Co(III) begins to decompose. The ligand H2detm is replaced by Cland partial protonization of diethanolamine occurs. Also, transformation of N,Ncis isomer of inner complex compound of cobalt(III) to N,N-trans isomer takes place, thus reducing the symmetry of the complex. As for the polynuclear complex compound 2Co-Ni, when pH value becomes lower than 7, molecules of solvent begin to react with the products of partially destroyed complex. As a result, new complex compound is formed with the increase of coordination number of nickel(II) from 4 to 6. However, in alkaline solutions where pH values are up to 10, the heterometal complex compound of 2Co-Ni remains stable. Only partial hydrolysis of the solvent occurs in these conditions. The schemes of transformations of [Co(DetmHdetm)] and [Ni(CoDetmHdetm)2](NO3)2 occuring in non-aqueous (dimethylformamide) solutions at different values of pH (from acid to alkaline) are presented in the paper. The results of this study can be used for the preparation of precursor solution for the technology of catalytic materials production. Evidently, the range of pH from 7 to 10 must be maintained in order to avoid the contamination of the final products by the decomposed wastes of complexes and solvent.

scholarly journals Strategies to Produce Cost-Effective Third-Generation Biofuel From Microalgae

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazifa Rafa ◽  
Shams Forruque Ahmed ◽  
Irfan Anjum Badruddin ◽  
M. Mofijur ◽  
Sarfaraz Kamangar
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Generation Biofuel

Third-generation biofuel produced from microalgae is a viable solution to global energy insecurity and climate change. Despite an annual current global algal biomass production of 38 million litres, commercialization confronts significant economic challenges. However, cost minimization strategies, particularly for microalgae cultivation, have largely been excluded from recent studies. Therefore, this review provides essential insights into the technologies and economics of cost minimization strategies for large-scale applications. Cultivation of microalgae through aquafarming, in wastewater, or for biogas upgrading, and co-production of value-added products (VAPs) such as photo-bioreactors, protein, astaxanthin, and exopolysaccharides can drastically reduce biodiesel production costs. For instance, the co-production of photo-bioreactors and astaxanthin can reduce the cost of biodiesel production from $3.90 to $0.54 per litre. Though many technical challenges need to be addressed, the economic analysis reveals that incorporating such cost-effective strategies can make the biorefinery concept feasible and profitable. The cost of producing microalgal biodiesel can be lowered to $0.73kg−1 dry weight when cultivated in wastewater or $0.54L−1 when co-produced with VAPs. Most importantly, access to co-product markets with higher VAPs needs to be encouraged as the global market for microalgae-based VAPs is estimated to rise to $53.43 billion in 2026. Therefore, policies that incentivize research and development, as well as the production and consumption of microalgae-based biodiesel, are important to reduce the large gap in production cost that persists between biodiesel and petroleum diesel.

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