Fluidised bed and steam drying news

2013 ◽  
pp. 522-524
Author(s):  
Gerald Caspers ◽  
Klaus Nammert ◽  
Holger Fersterra ◽  
Hartmut Hafemann ◽  
Andreas Lehnberger
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Steam Drying

The drying of pressed sugar beet pulp in a pressurised fluidised bed with superheated steam is widely used in the sugar industry and can be considered to be state of the art for energy-efficient drying concepts in combined plant systems. The process has been used on a large scale in the sugar industry for more than 20 years. In the past campaign, BMA subjected existing drying systems at various locations to a number of refinements. These systematic, process engineering modifications allow the driers to work more efficiently and reliably. Feeding pressed pulp into a fluidised-bed drier is a critical phase in the drying process and can lead to malfunctions. The ability to determine the fluidisation conditions in the first drier cells provides more detailed insights into the process so that critical situations can be detected at an early stage and therefore malfunctions can be avoided. Further investigations have shown that the height of the fluidised bed has a considerable effect on adequate product transport and on the degree to which the heat from the circulated steam is utilised and, consequently, on water evaporation.

Environmental technology: Fluidised-bed steam dryers — latest developments and practical experience

2016 ◽  
pp. 86-90
Author(s):  
Gerald Caspers ◽  
Klaus Nammert ◽  
Holger Fersterra ◽  
Hartmut Hafemann
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Operating Data ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Improved Design ◽  
Distribution Plate ◽  
And Control

Fluidised-bed steam dryers have been in use for industrial-scale drying of pressed beet pulp for more than 20 years. This highly energy-efficient process can be considered to be state of the art in the industry. Scientific laboratory and pilot-plant testing have provided the basis for a detailed description of the principles of fluidisation and drying in superheated water vapour. Advances in production data acquisition, in particular regarding the options for the real-time presentation and evaluation of high-resolution operating data (Industry 4.0), have opened up new potentials for optimisation of the drying process in fluidised-bed steam dryers. By analysing and interpreting sequences of events, or simultaneous events, it is now possible to analyse process behaviour in great depth. This allows malfunctions to be avoided by improved design or, assisted by suitable measuring and control systems, to be detected at an early stage. Failures can then be prevented altogether by initiating automated countermeasures. On the basis of more recent insights gained from the analysis of faults and disruptions using modern operating data acquisition, BMA’s fluidised-bed steam dryer (WVT) has been subjected to fundamental technological and technical improvements, so it now meets today’s demands for efficiency and reliability. Modifications include the product inlet, the distribution plate and several other parts, in addition to the known and patented PPS (Plug Protection System; EP 2457649 B1), and the patented rotary weir (EP 2146167 B1).

Numerical Research on the Drying Process of Single Lignite Particle by High Temperature Flue Gas

2013 ◽  
Vol 732-733 ◽  
pp. 250-253
Author(s):  
Ai Xia Dong ◽  
Shou Yu Zhang ◽  
Xi Guo ◽  
Hong Jun Zheng ◽  
Wen Xiang Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Solution Process ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Stable Domain ◽  
Accelerate Convergence ◽  
Volume Method ◽  
The Mathematical Model

The technology of downstream vibrated bed dryer with high temperature flue gas has been applied successfully by CPI Mengdong Energy Group Co., LTD for the large scale upgrading of Baiyinhua lignite. It is very necessary to study the drying process of a single lignite particle by high temperature flue gas. Based on finite volume method, the numerical simulation was applied in the lignite drying process and the mathematical model for the drying process of a single spherical lignite particle with high temperature flue gas was developed. Here, the lignite particle was divided into dry region and wet region by water evaporation interface. To accelerate convergence and make stable domain larger and truncation error smaller in the solution process, Crank-Nicolson six-point difference iteration method was used to solve the model.

Renewable building blocks for polyurethanes

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Neff ◽  
Agnieszka Gajewski
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Market Penetration ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Natural Oils ◽  
And Performance

Abstract For the past 60+ years, polyurethane chemistry has been used to make a wide variety of everyday consumer products such as mattresses, automotive interior parts and foam insulation. Today, the vast majority of polyurethane products are made entirely from petroleum. Although polyols made from natural oils have made inroads during the past decade, cost and performance, as well as the presence of a large-scale established infrastructure around petroleum-based materials, remain as barriers to significant market penetration. Promising new developments such as sugar-derived raw materials have the potential to shift the balance of cost and performance, but they are at an early stage. While not a comprehensive review of the large volume of academic literature on renewable polyurethane chemistry, this article discusses several routes to renewable, commercially viable building blocks for polyurethanes, considering both established and emerging technology.

scholarly journals The Glory of Semarang Coastal City in the Past, Multi-Ethnic Merchants and Dutch Commerce

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Siti Rukayah ◽  
Muhammad Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Watershed Services ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

In The Image of the City, Lynch describes how individuals perceive and recall features in urban spaces. Lynch's approach is categorized by paths, nodes, edges, districts, and landmarks – giving shape to individuals' mental representation of the city. Recently, to test that theory on a large-scale city requires high accuracy to understand a city. So, it requires tools such as computational techniques using the GIS system. The cities of the 14th-18th centuries were not as complicated as the ones Lynch was dealing with in the 1960s. How do you reveal the image of the city? The image of the city in the past had not been explored yet. To explore the glory of Semarang city, Central Java, Indonesia, as Venetia van Java, which has the sugar industry in Asia, and the first railway track in Indonesia, you can still use hand-drawn sketches to reconstruct the image of the old city. Old data such as maps, photographs, and videos are integrated to reconstruct the image of the city in the past. Recently, the name of port of Semarang, Tanjung Emas– cape of gold – implies the glory of Semarang. The Semarang seaport played an important role in the pre-colonial and colonial eras. The architectural heritage at the two-river estuary of the Semarang coast uncovers the history of naming it the ‘cape of gold’. The river serves as roads and train lines, as the path is important as a tool to evaluate the city transportation facilities for urban planners, watershed services, and urban conservation.

Video real-time imaging of artificial membranes during freeze-drying by cryo-electron microscopy

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 16-17
Author(s):  
Alan S. Rudolph ◽  
Ronald R. Price
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Video Capture ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Artificial Membranes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Spherical Structures ◽  
Capture Techniques

We have employed cryoelectron microscopy to visualize events that occur during the freeze-drying of artificial membranes by employing real time video capture techniques. Artificial membranes or liposomes which are spherical structures within internal aqueous space are stabilized by water which provides the driving force for spontaneous self-assembly of these structures. Previous assays of damage to these structures which are induced by freeze drying reveal that the two principal deleterious events that occur are 1) fusion of liposomes and 2) leakage of contents trapped within the liposome [1]. In the past the only way to access these events was to examine the liposomes following the dehydration event. This technique allows the event to be monitored in real time as the liposomes destabilize and as water is sublimed at cryo temperatures in the vacuum of the microscope. The method by which liposomes are compromised by freeze-drying are largely unknown. This technique has shown that cryo-protectants such as glycerol and carbohydrates are able to maintain liposomal structure throughout the drying process.

Molecular Epidemiology and Biomarkers in Etiologic Cancer Research: The New in Light of the Old

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lungwani Muungo
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cancer Research ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Cancer Epidemiology ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Generation

The purpose of this review is to evaluate progress inmolecular epidemiology over the past 24 years in canceretiology and prevention to draw lessons for futureresearch incorporating the new generation of biomarkers.Molecular epidemiology was introduced inthe study of cancer in the early 1980s, with theexpectation that it would help overcome some majorlimitations of epidemiology and facilitate cancerprevention. The expectation was that biomarkerswould improve exposure assessment, document earlychanges preceding disease, and identify subgroupsin the population with greater susceptibility to cancer,thereby increasing the ability of epidemiologic studiesto identify causes and elucidate mechanisms incarcinogenesis. The first generation of biomarkers hasindeed contributed to our understanding of riskandsusceptibility related largely to genotoxic carcinogens.Consequently, interventions and policy changes havebeen mounted to reduce riskfrom several importantenvironmental carcinogens. Several new and promisingbiomarkers are now becoming available for epidemiologicstudies, thanks to the development of highthroughputtechnologies and theoretical advances inbiology. These include toxicogenomics, alterations ingene methylation and gene expression, proteomics, andmetabonomics, which allow large-scale studies, includingdiscovery-oriented as well as hypothesis-testinginvestigations. However, most of these newer biomarkershave not been adequately validated, and theirrole in the causal paradigm is not clear. There is a needfor their systematic validation using principles andcriteria established over the past several decades inmolecular cancer epidemiology.

Konkurrenz zwischen Stieleiche und Buche auf Lothar-Sturmflächen | Competition between pedunculate oak and European beech on Lothar windthrow areas

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
pp. 114-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Otto ◽  
Sven Wagner ◽  
Peter Brang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Competitive Pressure ◽  
Competition Index

The competitive pressure of naturally regenerated European beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings on planted pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) was investigated on two 1.8 ha permanent plots near Habsburg and Murten (Switzerland). The plots were established with the aim to test methods of artificial oak regeneration after large-scale windthrow. On both plots, 80 oaks exposed to varying levels of competitive pressure from at most 10 neighbouring beech trees were selected. The height of each oak as well as stem and branch diameters were measured. The competitive pressure was assessed using Schütz's competition index, which is based on relative tree height, crown overlap and distance from competing neighbours. Oak trees growing without or with only slight competition from beech were equally tall, while oaks exposed to moderate to strong competition were smaller. A threshold value for the competition index was found above which oak height decreased strongly. The stem and branch diameters of the oaks started to decrease even if the competition from beech was slight, and decreased much further with more competition. The oak stems started to become more slender even with only slight competition from beech. On the moderately acid beech sites studied here, beech grow taller faster than oak. Thus where beech is competing with oak and the aim is to maintain the oak, competitive pressure on the oak must be reduced at an early stage. The degree of the intervention should, however, take the individual competitive interaction into account, with more intervention if the competition is strong.

World trade of beet pulp pellets

2016 ◽  
pp. 501-504
Author(s):  
Sergey Gudoshnikov
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
World Market ◽  
Good Source ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Animal Feeding ◽  
Additional Income ◽  
Pulp Production

Beet pulp remaining after the extraction of sugar from beet is a good source of highly digestible fibre and energy used for animal feeding. Beet pulp is mostly used domestically but about 15% of global dried beet pulp production is exported to the world market. Although pulp have only little value as compared to sugar, sales of it abroad help generate additional income for the sugar industry with relatively low overheads. In contrast to sugar where import markets are protected by tariffs and non-tariff barriers while export volumes can be heavily regulated by governments, these restrictions are much less extensive for beet pulp trade. This article reviews recent developments in the world trade in beet pulp. The context of the article is based on the ISO study “World Trade of Molasses and Beet Pulp” MECAS(16)06.

Process design and equipment selection for optimized steam and power concepts – the “zero” process steam sugar factory

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
Boris Morgenroth ◽  
Thomas Stark ◽  
Julian Pelster ◽  
Harjeet Singh Bola
Keyword(s):  
Process Design ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Equipment Selection ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Right ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Steam Drying

Optimization of process steam requirement in order to maximize sugar recovery and export power along with manpower optimization is a must for sugar factories to survive under difficult conditions and to earn additional revenues. The process steam demand of greenfield and revamped plants has been reduced to levels of 32–38% from originally more than 50% steam on cane in the case of the brownfield plants. In addition, significant improvement in the power requirement of the plants has been achieved. Bagasse drying offers a good potential to improve the power export. Different available concepts are compared with a focus on bagasse steam drying and low temperature bagasse drying. In order to set up an optimized highly efficient plant or to optimize an existing plant to achieve competitive benchmarks, good process design and the right equipment selection are very important. Experience has been gained with multiple stage or double effect crystallization in the beet sugar industry offering further steam optimization potential. Vapour recompression is also an option to substitute live steam by electrical power. This even provides options to reduce the steam demand from the power plant for the sugar process down to zero. Key aspects concerning the process design and equipment selection are described.

An Assessment of a Low-Cost Wastewater Disposal System after Twenty-Five Years of Operation

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 701-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Reidy ◽  
G. W. Samson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Industrial Wastewaters ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
Coal Resource

A low-cost wastewater disposal system was commissioned in 1959 to treat domestic and industrial wastewaters generated in the Latrobe River valley in the province of Gippsland, within the State of Victoria, Australia (Figure 1). The Latrobe Valley is the centre for large-scale generation of electricity and for the production of pulp and paper. In addition other industries have utilized the brown coal resource of the region e.g. gasification process and char production. Consequently, industrial wastewaters have been dominant in the disposal system for the past twenty-five years. The mixed industrial-domestic wastewaters were to be transported some eighty kilometres to be treated and disposed of by irrigation to land. Several important lessons have been learnt during twenty-five years of operating this system. Firstly the composition of the mixed waste stream has varied significantly with the passage of time and the development of the industrial base in the Valley, so that what was appropriate treatment in 1959 is not necessarily acceptable in 1985. Secondly the magnitude of adverse environmental impacts engendered by this low-cost disposal procedure was not imagined when the proposal was implemented. As a consequence, clean-up procedures which could remedy the adverse effects of twenty-five years of impact are likely to be costly. The question then may be asked - when the total costs including rehabilitation are considered, is there really a low-cost solution for environmentally safe disposal of complex wastewater streams?

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