Nitrite: Review of existing and new physiological data in ruminants

2018 ◽  
pp. 351-357
Author(s):  
Gunhild Kozianowski ◽  
Michel Focant ◽  
Romain Boulet ◽  
Karsten Maier ◽  
Yvan Larondelle
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Stringent Control ◽  
Toxicological Data ◽  
Adverse Effect Level ◽  
Sugar Plant ◽  
Effect Level ◽  
Plant Processing ◽  
Nitrate Dose ◽  
By Products

Nitrite is regulated as an undesirable substance in animal feed. “Products and by-products from sugar beet and sugarcane” are currently exempted from maximum limits. Technological work by the European sugar producers showed that the levels of nitrite in feed materials from sugar plant processing is variable without allowing a stringent control at the full-scale factory process. The German Sugar Association (VdZ) reviewed the physiological-toxicological data base on nitrite in ruminants considered by EFSA (2009): The established toxicological endpoint of nitrite is oxidized hemoglobin (methemoglobin) that leads to a lack in oxygen supply. The review revealed that the NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) of 3.3 mg nitrite/kg bw/day in ruminants is based on a 1940 study with 990 mg nitrate/kg bw in cattle in which nitrite is not mentioned. As auxiliary, a nitrite dose of 99 mg/kg bw was imputed, nitrite considered as being 10 times more toxic, and an uncertainty factor of 3 applied. Published physiological data, however, suggest that such a nitrate dose would be associated with a much higher nitrite exposure and support a lower toxicity of nitrite. To substantiate this assumption, cannulated cows received 7.5 mg nitrite/kg bw/day over a period of 7 days. After dosage, the expected transient increase of nitrite in ruminal fluid was observed that disappeared 1.5 h after dosage. No relevant increase in methemoglobin was observed. From this study, it can be concluded, that repeated feeding of 7.5 mg nitrite/kg bw to cows did not result in adverse effects. The dosage corresponded to 5.5 g nitrite intake per day and would cover the exposure from molasses with 500 mg nitrite/kg when the other feed contained 10 mg nitrite/kg. The data are supportive that nitrite is a normal metabolite in ruminants that does not require a regulation as contaminant in feed for ruminants.

Nitrite: Review of existing and new physiological data in ruminants

2018 ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunhild Kozianowski ◽  
Michel Focant ◽  
Romain Boulet ◽  
Karsten Maier ◽  
Yvan Larondelle
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Stringent Control ◽  
Toxicological Data ◽  
Adverse Effect Level ◽  
Sugar Plant ◽  
Effect Level ◽  
Plant Processing ◽  
Nitrate Dose ◽  
By Products

Nitrite is regulated as an undesirable substance in animal feed. “Products and by-products from sugar beet and sugarcane” are currently exempted from maximum limits. Technological work by the European sugar producers showed that the levels of nitrite in feed materials from sugar plant processing is variable without allowing a stringent control at the full-scale factory process. The German Sugar Association (VdZ) reviewed the physiological-toxicological data base on nitrite in ruminants considered by EFSA (2009): The established toxicological endpoint of nitrite is oxidized hemoglobin (methemoglobin) that leads to a lack in oxygen supply. The review revealed that the NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) of 3.3 mg nitrite/kg bw/day in ruminants is based on a 1940 study with 990 mg nitrate/kg bw in cattle in which nitrite is not mentioned. As auxiliary, a nitrite dose of 99 mg/kg bw was imputed, nitrite considered as being 10 times more toxic, and an uncertainty factor of 3 applied. Published physiological data, however, suggest that such a nitrate dose would be associated with a much higher nitrite exposure and support a lower toxicity of nitrite. To substantiate this assumption, cannulated cows received 7.5 mg nitrite/kg bw/day over a period of 7 days. After dosage, the expected transient increase of nitrite in ruminal fluid was observed that disappeared 1.5 h after dosage. No relevant increase in methemoglobin was observed. From this study, it can be concluded, that repeated feeding of 7.5 mg nitrite/kg bw to cows did not result in adverse effects. The dosage corresponded to 5.5 g nitrite intake per day and would cover the exposure from molasses with 500 mg nitrite/kg when the other feed contained 10 mg nitrite/kg. The data are supportive that nitrite is a normal metabolite in ruminants that does not require a regulation as contaminant in feed for ruminants.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Subchronic Oral Dose Toxicity of Freeze-Dried Skimmed Powder of Zophobas atratus Larvae (frpfdZAL) in Rats

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 995
Author(s):  
Sun Young Kim ◽  
Kyu-Won Kwak ◽  
Eun-Sung Park ◽  
Hyung Joo Yoon ◽  
Yong-Soon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Adverse Effect Level ◽  
Mealworm Beetle ◽  
Good Laboratory ◽  
Effect Level ◽  
Zophobas Atratus

Zophobas atratus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), the giant mealworm beetle, is known as an edible insect containing a high protein content which may serve as new sources of human food and animal feed. However, potential toxicity and food safety analyses of Z. atratus have not been previously investigated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate toxicity of freeze-dried skimmed powder of Z. atratus larvae (frpfdZAL), known as the super mealworm. Toxicological assessments were performed at the doses of 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg/day in a 2- and a 13-week oral repeated-dose toxicity study of frpfdZAL in male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats in accordance with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines and the principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). No toxicological changes in clinical signs, body weights, water and food consumption, urinalysis, hematology, clinical biochemistry, gross findings, and histopathological examinations were observed. In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of frpfdZAL was 5000 mg/kg/day and target organ was not identified in both sexes of rats. In addition, frpfdZAL did not induce increases of serum ImmunoglobulinE (IgE), an identifier of allergic reactions in rats. Collectively, these results suggest that frpfdZAL is safe with no adverse effects, and able to be applied as an edible ingredient or other biological uses.

scholarly journals Palmitoylethanolamide: Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study in Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 109158182098607
Author(s):  
Narendra S. Deshmukh ◽  
Shailesh Gumaste ◽  
Silma Subah ◽  
Nathasha Omal Bogoda
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Human Dose ◽  
Adverse Effect Level ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Effect Level

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is an endogenous ethanolamine playing a protective and homeodynamic role in animals and plants. Prenatal developmental toxicity of PEA was tested following oral administration to pregnant female Wistar rats, from days 0 to 19 of gestation, at dosage of 250, 500, or 1,000 mg/kg body weight, according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Test Guideline No. 414. On gestation day 20, cesarean sections were performed on the dams, followed by examination of their ovaries and uterine contents. The fetuses were further examined for external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. Palmitoylethanolamide did not cause any alterations at any of the given dosages in the measured maternal parameters of systemic toxicity (body weight, food consumption, survival, thyroid functions, organ weight, histopathology), reproductive toxicity (preimplantation and postimplantation losses, uterus weight, number of live/dead implants and early/late resorptions, litter size and weights, number of fetuses, their sex ratio), and fetal external, visceral, or skeletal observations. Any alterations that were recorded were “normal variations” or “minor anomalies,” which were unrelated to treatment with PEA. Under the condition of this prenatal study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of PEA for maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, and teratogenicity in rats was found to be >1,000 mg/kg body weight/d. It indicates that PEA is well tolerated by and is safe to pregnant rats even at a high dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight/d, equivalent to a human dose of greater than 9.7 g/d. This prenatal developmental toxicity study contributes greatly in building a robust safety profile for PEA.

scholarly journals The Potential Utilization of High-Fiber Agricultural By-Products as Monogastric Animal Feed and Feed Additives: A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2098
Author(s):  
Wen-Yang Chuang ◽  
Li-Jen Lin ◽  
Hsin-Der Shih ◽  
Yih-Min Shy ◽  
Shang-Chang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Health It ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Monogastric Animal ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
By Products

With the increase in world food demand, the output of agricultural by-products has also increased. Agricultural by-products not only contain more than 50% dietary fiber but are also rich in functional metabolites such as polyphenol (including flavonoids), that can promote animal health. The utilization of dietary fibers is closely related to their types and characteristics. Contrary to the traditional cognition that dietary fiber reduces animal growth, it can promote animal growth and maintain intestinal health, and even improve meat quality when added in moderate amounts. In addition, pre-fermenting fiber with probiotics or enzymes in a controlled environment can increase dietary fiber availability. Although the use of fiber has a positive effect on animal health, it is still necessary to pay attention to mycotoxin contamination. In summary, this report collates the fiber characteristics of agricultural by-products and their effects on animal health and evaluates the utilization value of agricultural by-products.

Ototoxicity of trichloroethylene in concentrations relevant for the working environment

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Vyskocil ◽  
T Leroux ◽  
G Truchon ◽  
F Lemay ◽  
F Gagnon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Additive Interaction ◽  
Animal Data ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Adverse Effect Level ◽  
Effect Level ◽  
Permissible Exposure Limits

Organic solvents can cause hearing loss themselves or promote noise-induced hearing loss. The objective of this study was to review the literature on the effects of low-level exposure to trichloroethylene on the auditory system and consider its relevance for the occupational settings. Both human and animal investigations were evaluated only for realistic exposure concentrations based on the Quebec permissible exposure limits: 50 ppm 8-h time-weighed average exposure value (TWAEV) and 200 ppm short-term exposure value (STEV). In humans, the upper limit for considering ototoxicity data relevant to the occupational exposure situation was set at the STEV. Animal data were evaluated only for exposure concentrations up to 100 times the TWAEV. There is no convincing evidence of trichloroethylene-induced hearing losses in workers. In rats, trichloroethylene affects the auditory function mainly in the cochlear mid- to high-frequency range with a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 2000 ppm. No studies on ototoxic interaction after combined exposure to noise and trichloroethylene were identified in humans. In rats, supra-additive interaction was reported. Further studies with sufficient data on the trichloroethylene exposure of workers are necessary to make a definitive conclusion. In the interim, we recommend considering trichloroethylene as an ototoxic agent.

Effects of Dietary Level of Rice Distiller’s Dried Grains on Performance and Meat Quality of Chickens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.K. Dang ◽  
N.T.P. Giang ◽  
T.T. Nguyen ◽  
S. Chu-Ky ◽  
N.C. Oanh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Meat Yield ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
National University ◽  
By Products

Background: In Vietnam, animal feed mainly depends on imported raw materials, while available agro-industrial by-products are often released into the environment and only a its unsubstantial portion used as an animal feed. Therefore, efficient use of these by-products as animal feed is essential. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary levels of rice distiller’s dried grain (Rice DDG) on broiler performance, meat yield and meat quality. Methods: The research was conducted at the experimental station, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Vietnam, from May to September 2020. A total of 240 a day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned into 4 groups with 3 replications to receive 4 diets with different levels of RDDG at 0, 5, 8 and 10% for 14 weeks. Growth, meat yield and meat quality were estimated. Result: ADG was higher in broiler chickens fed diets with rice DDG compared to that in control diet at 12 and 14 weeks (P less than 0.05) while ADFI and FCR were not affected by the diets. There were significantly no differences in meat yield and quality among the diets. In conclusion, rice DDG could be used to partially replace main ingredients in chicken diets.

Safety of a novel galacto-oligosaccharide: Genotoxicity and repeated oral dose studies

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 619-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kobayashi ◽  
N. Yasutake ◽  
K. Uchida ◽  
W. Ohyama ◽  
K. Kaneko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Kluyveromyces Lactis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adverse Effect Level ◽  
Effect Level

A series of safety tests were undertaken on a novel galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) produced from lactose by a two-step enzymatic process involving Sporobolomyces singularis and Kluyveromyces lactis. Bacterial reverse mutation and chromosomal aberration tests, with or without metabolic activation, were performed. These tests showed no mutagenesis in the Ames assay or in Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, and no chromosomal aberrations in cultured fibroblast cells from Chinese hamster lungs (CHL/IU). Micronuclei were not induced in the reticulocytes of mouse peripheral blood following oral administration of GOS. In a 90-day repeated oral dose toxicity study in rats, GOS was administered at 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. There were no GOS-related changes in clinical signs, body weight, water intake, feed intake, urinalysis, ophthalmology, haematology, blood chemistry, organ weights, gross pathology or histopathology in any of the treatment groups compared to the control group. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of GOS was at least 2000 mg/kg/day in both males and females.

scholarly journals Beagle dog 90-day oral toxicity study of a novel coccidiostat – ethanamizuril

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyu Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyang Wang ◽  
Shuya Wei ◽  
Chunmei Wang ◽  
Mi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Dosage Level ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Safety Database ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Adverse Effect Level ◽  
Effect Level ◽  
Anticoccidial Activity ◽  
Anticoccidial Agent ◽  
Histologic Changes

Abstract Background: Triazine coccidiostats are widely used in chickens and turkeys for coccidiosis control. Ethanamizuril is a novel triazine compound that exhibits anticoccidial activity in poultry. To support the safety assessment of the new potent anticoccidial agent, the subchronic toxicity of ethanamizuril was studied in beagle dogs administered ethanamizuril by diet at doses of 12, 60 or 300 mg/kg/day for 90 days.Results: Ethanamizuril was well tolerated at low and middle dosages and there were no ethanamizuril related effects on survival, clinical observations, clinical pathology parameters, organs weight, macroscopic or microscopic evaluations. The ethanamizuril related changes were limited to effects on food consumption and histologic changes of kidneys in the 300 mg/kg/day group in both sexes. However, the characteristic toxicities of ethanamizuril in kidneys are recoverable in convalescence dogs of 300 mg/kg/day group. Conclusions: Therefore, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 60 mg/kg/day, the middle dosage level tested. These results add to the safety database for ethanamizuril with potential for use as a novel coccidiostat.

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