scholarly journals Pulverized Oral Nicotine Equivalent to One Cigarrette Reduces Parasympathomimetic Neurovegetative Tone and Increases the Physical Dependence in Smokers

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascual Susana Calvo ◽  
Cardell Rafa Peris ◽  
Ramírez José Belda
Keyword(s):  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Oral Nicotine

Modulation of opioid physical dependence during the hibernation cycle.

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. Beckman ◽  
Carmen Llados-Eckman ◽  
Steven K. Salzman ◽  
Toni L. Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Physical Dependence

Immune parameters and level of cortisol in patients with opiate addiction during withdrawal syndrome

2017 ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Т.П. Ветлугина ◽  
Е.В. Матафонова ◽  
Н.А. Бохан ◽  
В.Б. Никитина ◽  
А.И. Мандель ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortisol Level ◽  
Withdrawal Syndrome ◽  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Opiate Withdrawal ◽  
Opiate Addiction ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Opiate Withdrawal Syndrome

Цель исследования: изучение динамики показателей иммунитета и уровня кортизола у больных опийной наркоманией в процессе терапии синдрома отмены. Методика. В исследование включено 136 больных опийной наркоманией (инъекции экстракта опия) с сформировавшейся физической зависимостью. Пациенты получали в стационаре стандартную терапию с полной отменой наркотика. Исследование проводилось на следующих этапах: при поступлении в стационар (опийный абстинентный синдром - ОАС); на 5-7-е сут. терапии (переход в постабстинентное состояние - ПАС); на 25-28-е сут. лечения (становление терапевтической ремиссии - СТР). Лабораторные методы включали определение количества лимфоцитов с рецепторами CD3, CD4, CD8, СD16, с рецепторами к дофамину (D-RFC); содержание иммуноглобулинов М, G, А, уровня кортизола и циркулирующих иммунных комплексов (ЦИК) в сыворотке крови. Результаты. Основной иммуноэндокринный паттерн на всех этапах терапии синдрома отмены характеризуется дефицитом субпопуляций Т-лимфоцитов CD3, CD4, СD8; увеличением числа лимфоцитов с рецепторами к дофамину (D-RFC); активацией гуморальных факторов иммунитета (IgM, IgG, ЦИК); высокой концентрацией кортизола. На этапе ОАС и ПАС эти изменения были наиболее выражены; на 25-28-е сут. лечения отмечена позитивная динамика Т-лимфоцитов СD3 и цитотоксических Т-лимфоцитов (СD8); хелперы/индукторы CD4 оставались устойчиво сниженными; D-RFC лимфоциты, параметры гуморального иммунитета и концентрация кортизола - повышенными. Длительный срок наркотизации при употреблении высоких доз наркотика связан с большей выраженностью нарушений. Заключение. Установленная дизрегуляция параметров иммуноэндокринной системы у больных опийной наркоманией на всех этапах терапии синдрома отмены в наблюдаемые сроки (25-28 сут.) свидетельствует о неустойчивости достигнутой терапевтической ремиссии и необходимости проведения дальнейших реабилитационных мероприятий. The purpose: investigate changes in immunity parameters and cortisol level in subjects with opiate addiction during the treatment of opiate withdrawal syndrome. Methods. The study enrolled 136 subjects with opiate addiction with physical dependence receiving injections of opium extract. Patients received conventional therapy with complete opiate withdrawal. The study was performed at the following stages: at admission to the hospital (acute withdrawal syndrome (AWS); on days 5-7 of therapy (transition into post-withdrawal state - PWS); on days 25-28 of therapy (formation of therapeutic remission - FTR). Laboratory methods included determination count of lymphocytes with receptors CD3, CD4, CD8, СD16, with receptors to dopamine (D-RFC); the serum levels of IgМ, IgG, IgА, cortisol, circulating immune complexes (CIC). Results. The principal immunoendocrine pattern for all stages of withdrawal syndrome therapy is characterized in comparison to the reference normal values quantitative deficit of CD3, CD4, СD8 Т-lymphocyte subpopulations, increased count of lymphocytes with receptors to dopamine, activation of humoral immunity factors (IgM, IgG, CIC), high cortisol level. At AWS and PAS stages such changes are most pronounced; on days 25-28 of therapy positive changes in cytotoxic Т-lymphocytes (СD8) and Т-lymphocytes СD3 was revealed. CD4 count remained steadily reduced, count of lymphocytes with receptors to dopamine and cortisol level were elevated. Clinical and immunological analysis demonstrated that consumption of high opiate doses, long-term narcotization are associated with higher intensity of disorders detected. Conclusion. Dysregulation of immunoendocrine parameters was revealed in subjects with opiate addiction at all stages of withdrawal syndrome therapy within the term observed evidencing instability of therapeutic remission achieved and necessity in further rehabilitation events.

Nitric oxide modulates tapentadol antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence

2021 ◽  
pp. 174245
Author(s):  
Renata Wolińska ◽  
Patrycja Kleczkowska ◽  
Anna de Cordé-Skurska ◽  
Piotr Poznański ◽  
Mariusz Sacharczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Antinociceptive Tolerance

Contingent tolerance, compensatory responses, and physical dependence in diazepam-treated amygdala-kindled rats.

1998 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 1526-1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tod E. Kippin ◽  
Lisa E. Kalynchuk ◽  
Mark St. Denis ◽  
John P. J. Pinel
Keyword(s):  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Compensatory Responses ◽  
Contingent Tolerance

scholarly journals An Effective and Safe Enkephalin Analog for Antinociception

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 927
Author(s):  
KK DurgaRao Viswanadham ◽  
Roland Böttger ◽  
Lukas Hohenwarter ◽  
Anne Nguyen ◽  
Elham Rouhollahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Opioid Peptide ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Endogenous Opioid ◽  
Endogenous Opioid Peptide ◽  
Extended Plasma ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Overdose Deaths ◽  
Plasma Half Life ◽  
Small Hydrophobic

Opioids account for 69,000 overdose deaths per annum worldwide and cause serious side effects. Safer analgesics are urgently needed. The endogenous opioid peptide Leu-Enkephalin (Leu-ENK) is ineffective when introduced peripherally due to poor stability and limited membrane permeability. We developed a focused library of Leu-ENK analogs containing small hydrophobic modifications. N-pivaloyl analog KK-103 showed the highest binding affinity to the delta opioid receptor (68% relative to Leu-ENK) and an extended plasma half-life of 37 h. In the murine hot-plate model, subcutaneous KK-103 showed 10-fold improved anticonception (142%MPE·h) compared to Leu-ENK (14%MPE·h). In the formalin model, KK-103 reduced the licking and biting time to ~50% relative to the vehicle group. KK-103 was shown to act through the opioid receptors in the central nervous system. In contrast to morphine, KK-103 was longer-lasting and did not induce breathing depression, physical dependence, and tolerance, showing potential as a safe and effective analgesic.

scholarly journals AB1326-HPR TOBACCO ADDICTION IN PEOPLE WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS – FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1952.2-1952
Author(s):  
B. A. Esbensen ◽  
I. K. Roelsgaard ◽  
S. K. Larsen ◽  
T. Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Physical Dependence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Tobacco Addiction

Background:Smoking is one of the most significant modifiable exosomes risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (1). Studies suggest that 25-30% of people with RA in Denmark smoke (2). This is almost twice as many as in the background population in Denmark. People with RA have a significant increased risk of severe comorbidity including cardiovascular disease. In addition, there are indications that smokers with RA have a poorer effect of the medical inflammatory treatment compared to non-smokers, and consequently more difficult to achieve remission of the disease activity (3). Tobacco addiction is complex and can be a challenge in smoking cessation. In addition to physiological dependence, habits and social and environmental factors may influence addiction. Tobacco smoking is associated with an addiction to nicotine and it is unexplored how this addiction appears in people with RA.Objectives:The aim of this study was to examine from the patient’s perspective how tobacco addiction appears in people with rheumatoid arthritis.Methods:We conducted a qualitative study based on a hermeneutics approach. People with RA who previously had participated in a randomized controlled study (4) about smoking cessation conducted at the Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases at Rigshospitalet, Denmark were recruited for semi-structured interviews.Results:In total, 12 people with RA (50% female) were included in the study. The median age was 62 years and median RA disease duration was 12 years. The degree of physical dependence measured by Fagerströms Test for Nicotine dependence (FTND) was on average: 4.9 (score: 0-10, 0=nonphysical dependence).Three categories of how tobacco addiction appeared emerged during the analysis: 1)It develops into ingrown habitsreferring to the fact that smoking already in adolescence contributes to the development of specific physical, mental and social smoking behavior. Not all individuals considered themselves addicted to nicotine as they did not necessarily connect the nicotine to the ingrown habits. 2)The body craves for nicotinereferring to nicotine proved calming, while a lacking or insufficient dose caused withdrawal symptoms. Furthermore, smoking became a habit where a craving for smoking occurred in certain situations. 3)Ambivalence – for and againstreferring to the physical dependence and smoking habits making a smoking cessation difficult. Dependency to nicotine and challenges to quit smoking led to a feeling of ambivalence and a lack of control.Conclusion:Tobacco addiction appeared as a physical dependence and a habit, which, during a smoking cessation, led to ambivalent feelings. Therefore, based on this study, there is still a need for health professionals to talk to patients about smoking. But also, a need to articulate the complexity of addiction in order to support for smoking cessations. Information should be strengthened in the clinical practice in relation to nicotine’s implication in tobacco addiction as well as the consequences of tobacco smoking for individuals with RA.References:[1]Scott DL, Wolfe F, Huizinga TW. Lancet. 2010 ###[2]Loppenthin K, Esbensen BA, Jennum P, Ostergaard M, Tolver A, Thomsen T, et al. Clin Rheumatol. 2015. ###[3]Roelsgaard IK, Ikdahl E, Rollefstad S, Wibetoe G, Esbensen BA, Kitas GD, et al. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019. ###[4]Roelsgaard IK, Thomsen T, Ostergaard M, Christensen R, Hetland ML, Jacobsen S, et al. Trials. 2017;18(1):570.###Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals E8-LWDS: Factorial Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Lebanese Waterpipe Dependence Scale-11 in 1490 Egyptian Waterpipe Tobacco Smokers—A Critical Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6741
Author(s):  
Aya Mostafa ◽  
Nashwa Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Factorial Structure ◽  
Dependence Scale

Introduction: There is no universal scale for assessing waterpipe tobacco (WT) dependence. We examined the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Waterpipe Dependence Scale-11 (LWDS-11) among Egyptian WT smokers. Methods: We administered the LWDS-11 during face-interview questionnaires in two cross-sectional surveys among 1490 current WT smokers recruited via purposive quota sampling. Exploratory factor analysis was performed on half of the sample. Confirmatory factor analysis of the resulting model was done using structural equation modelling on the other half. Scale reliability was examined. We assessed convergent construct validity using regression models to examine the association between the adapted dependence scale and factors conceptually expected to be associated with WT dependence. Results: Exploratory factor analysis of the scale yielded eight items (E8-LWDS) supporting a three-factor structure: physical dependence (three items); psychological dependence (three items); and psychological craving (two items). Cronbach’s α were 0.635 for the total scale and 0.823, 0.654, and 0.785 for the three subscales. E8-LWDS was confirmed to have good model fit (comparative fit index = 0.995; root mean squared error of approximation = 0.027). E8-LWDS was independently associated with daily WT smoking, rural residence, being a skilled worker, non-exclusive WTS, smoking ≥ eight WT hagars/day, and measures of perceived behavioral control (self-reported addiction to WT, perceived ability to quit, and previous quit attempts). Conclusion: E8-LWDS showed adequate psychometric properties among this sample of Egyptian current WT smokers, which makes it appropriate for use by researchers and practitioners. Adding items related to perceived behavioral control might enhance the scale robustness.

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