scholarly journals Economic Analysis of Turkey and European Countries Before and After the Syrian War

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Semin Paksoy
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Promethee Method ◽  
Maastricht Criteria ◽  
Net Flows ◽  
Second Period ◽  
The Eu

Undoubtedly, a war in a country is a great destruction for its citizens. The Syrians have had to take refuge in other countries because of their vital problems. European countries have adopted a rigid attitude towards refugees to protect themselves. How did the refugee mobility, arising from internal conflicts in Syria and embodying different qualities within its constitution, affect European countries due to global economic relations? Or did Europe continue its economic development without being negatively affected by the geographically distant war? On the other side, to what extent has Turkey been able to protect itself economically? Can Turkey continue their progress towards the EU? This work investigating answers to these questions is based on the Maastricht criteria set to ensure economic integration at an advanced level among EU countries. The data related to these criteria cover 6 annual data of pre and post of the war. In the analysis, countries are ranked and evaluated with the flows of criteria, using PROMETHEE method. The result of the analysis shows that generally there is a decrease, in comparison, in the net flows of the second period. This implies that countries are not in better situation compared to the first period which covered 2008 financial crisis. In other words, the EU may likely remain behind of its economic and fiscal targets.

scholarly journals Discrepancies in reported versus measured nicotine content of e-cigarette refill liquids across nine European countries before and after the implementation of the EU Tobacco Products Directive

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 1900941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charis Girvalaki ◽  
Manolis Tzatzarakis ◽  
Alexander Vardavas ◽  
Christina N. Kyriakos ◽  
Katerina Nikitara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Eu

scholarly journals Tech-Enabled Role Model: From Troublesome Past to Herald of Progress

2019 ◽  
pp. 274-289
Author(s):  
Gert Antsu
Keyword(s):  
Role Model ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Eu

The interview describes the state of relations between Ukraine and Estonia through the lens of experience of Gert Antsu, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Estonia to Ukraine. It is mentioned Estonia has been one of the most consistent partners of Ukraine since establishment of diplomatic relations between Estonia and Ukraine, both in the past and recent years before and after the Revolution of Dignity and Russian aggression. Estonia undertakes a moral duty to support a friendly nation in these complex circumstances. However, even close political relations did not prevent damages to the sphere of economy, caused by aggression of the Russian Federation. The article reports the membership of Estonia in the Un Security Council will not bring substantial changes into relations with Ukraine, since they are friendly and close in any case. Estonia is highly interested in support of stable international order, taking into account the small territory of Estonia and frankly low force potential. Estonia is dedicated to a struggle against climate changes, since it faces ever-growing effects of such changes. Ten years ago, Estonia joined the EU Emissions Trading System, and Mr Ambassador participated in those negotiations. The article reports that e-governance is a positive trend among the priorities of policy of Mr Zelenskyi, President of Ukraine. Mr Ambassador has no doubts Estonia can contribute to enhancement of the system ‘Trembita’ that became a successful story of assistance of Estonia and the EU to Ukraine. However, to reveal the project potential in full, Ukraine has to solve several issues where experience of Estonia could be useful. The article also mentions Mr Ambassador studied Ukrainian. It would be hard for him to study it if he were from Belgium, Portugal or Korea and did not understand the peculiarities of the Slavic languages. He has about 30 book in Ukrainian, most of which are fictions. He considers studying of a language as an evident respect to the receiving state and a useful means for establishment of friendly relations with Ukrainian nation. Studying of languages is an integral attribute of a modern person, thus Mr Ambassador has no doubts: his successor will also study Ukrainian. Keywords: Estonia, interstate relations, climate changes, Ukrainian language, economic relations, e-governance.

scholarly journals Crisis process in the development of European Countries at the current stage of the EU

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
Tetjana Humeniuk
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Process ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Eu

Purpose.. The aim of the article is to analyze the issues of the relationship between the phenomena of convergence and divergence on the basis of the activities of the European Union. Methodology. The methodology involves a comprehensive study of theoretical and practical material on this subject, as well as formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. The following methods of scientific cognition were used in the research process: dialectical, terminological, formal and logical, comparative and legal, system and functional methods. Results. The study found that the crisis process observed in the development of the EU has given impetus not only to Euroscepticism, but also to the intensive search for new approaches to the development of European integration. The crisis in the EU stimulates attempts to implement the course on completing the formation of the EMU. Global financial and economic crises have a more significant negative impact on the dynamics of GDP of «outsider countries» compared to «leading countries», and differences between them are increasing as a result. The politicization of international economic relations usually strengthens the position of developed countries and weakens all others, which leads to a similar result. Imperfect policies for the integration of the emigrant population into European society are exacerbating relations between the native population of European countries and immigrants, growing anti-immigrant sentiment and mass protests by Europeans against the migration policies of national governments. Scientific novelty. The study found that most EU leaders are fully aware of the need for structural convergence, namely overcoming structural and cyclical differences among the economies of euro-area countries, as well as the main and secondary risks of divergence as a destructive phenomenon that can disrupt the established social, political, legal and economic order within the EU. Practical significance. Research materials can be used for comparative law studies.

Ensuring sustainable foreign economic relations of countries at the forefront and outskirts of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 1980-1996
Author(s):  
T.S. Malakhova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Structure Model ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Economic Bloc ◽  
The Eu

Subject. Foreign economic and trade ties among countries are getting tighter and less predictable in the early 21st century. This directly stems from a growing disparity of partners, especially if it goes about their future cooperation as part of integration groups or international organizations. Communities of experts suggest using various approaches to locally adjusting integration phases, especially implementing the two-speed integration in the European Union. Objectives. The study is an attempt to examine an improvement of foreign economic cooperation and suggest its implementation steps for the European Union. This all is due to considerable inner controversies and problems within the EU, which grow more serious year by year. Methods. The methodological framework comprises the historical logic, dialectical principles, scientific abstraction method. The process and system approach was especially important for justifying the implementation of the above steps. It was used to examine foreign economic relations of partners in the European Union. Results. The article sets forth the theoretical and methodological framework for the geostrategic economic bloc, including a conceptual structure model. I present steps to implement a foreign economic cooperation of partners in the EU in terms of its form. Conclusions and Relevance. Should the form of the foreign economic relations among the EU countries be implemented, counties at the periphery of the EU will be able to become active parties to the integration group.

Zmiany dochodowości gospodarstw mlecznych w Polsce i wybranych krajach europejskich należących do Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Producentów Mleka w latach 2006–2012

2015 ◽  
pp. 97-109
Author(s):  
Sylwia Małażewska ◽  
Edyta Gajos
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
National Market ◽  
The Eu

The aim of the article was to present the changes in the profitability of milk production in farms associated in EDF and situated in Poland and selected European countries in 2006–2012. It was found that after the Polish accession to the EU, the situation has improved for milk producers – economic and production results have risen. In 2008–2009, there was a significant deterioration in the profitability of milk production due to, among others, significant declines in milk prices. Since 2010, gradual improvement of the situation is observed. Similar changes occur in dairy farms in other European countries, such as Germany, France and the United Kingdom. This shows how big the interconnectedness between countries is and that the situation of agricultural producers in Poland does not depend only on the local and national market fluctuations, but primarily on fluctuations in the European and global markets.

scholarly journals PARE0007 PATIENT AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN CLINICAL TRIAL DESIGN

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1289.1-1290
Author(s):  
S. De Souza ◽  
R. Williams ◽  
E. Johansson ◽  
C. Zabalan ◽  
T. Esterine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Public Involvement ◽  
Clinical Trial Design ◽  
Patient And Public Involvement ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Extensive Consultation ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Eu

Background:Patient and public involvement (PPI) is gaining increasing recognition as important in ensuring research is relevant and acceptable to participants. Rheuma Tolerance for Cure (RTCure) is a 5 year international collaboration between academia and industry; focusing on earlier detection and prevention of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through the use of immune-tolerising treatments.Objectives:To bring lived experience and insight into scientific discussions; and to evolve collaboration between lay representatives and academia/industry.Methods:9 Patient Research Partners (PRPs) from 5 European countries were recruited via the EULAR PARE Network and institutions within the RTCure Consortium (8 PRPs with RA and 1 ‘at risk’). They were asked to enter into a legal agreement with the Consortium. PRPs participated in teleconferences (TCs) and were invited to attend face-to-face (F2F) meetings at least annually. Requests for input/feedback were sent from researchers to PRPs via the project’s Patient Engagement Expert [SK].Results:PRP involvement has given researchers and industry partners a new perspective on patient priorities, and focused thought on the ethics of recruitment for and participation in clinical trials of people ‘at risk’ of developing RA. PRPs have helped define the target populations, given their thoughts on what types of treatments are acceptable to people ‘at risk’ and have aided the development of a survey (sent to EULAR PARE members) regarding the use of animal models in biomedical research. Positive informal feedback has been received from researchers and industry regarding the contribution of PRPs to the ongoing project (formal evaluation of PPI in RTCure will be carried out in 2020 and at the project end in 2022).Challenges:Legal agreements- Many PRPs refused to sign the Consortium’s complex PRP Agreement; feeling it unnecessary, incomprehensible and inequitable. After extensive consultation with various parties (including EULAR and the Innovative Medicines Initiative) no similar contract was found. Views for its requirement even varied between legal experts. After 2 years of intense discussion, a simple non-disclosure agreement was agreed upon. Ideally any contract, if required, should be approved prior to project onset.Meeting logistics- Other improvements identified were to locate the meeting venue and accommodation on the same site to minimise travel, and to make it easier for PRPs to take breaks when required. This also facilitates informal discussions and patient inclusivity. We now have agreed a policy to fund PRPs extra nights before and after meetings, and to bring a carer if needed.Enabling understanding– Future annual meetings will start with a F2F meeting between PRPs and Work Package Leads. Researchers will be encouraged to start presentations with a summary slide in lay language. Additionally, an RTCure Glossary is in development.Enabling participation– SK will provide monthly project updates and PRP TCs will be held in the evening (as some PRPs remain employed). PRPs will be invited to all project TCs and F2F meetings. Recruitment is underway to increase the number of ‘at risk’ PRPs as their viewpoint is vital to this study.Conclusion:Currently PPI in RTCure is an ongoing mutual learning process. Universal guidance regarding what types of contracts are needed for PPI would be useful. Communication, trust and fruitful discussions have evolved through F2F meetings (both formal and informal) between PRPs, academia and industry. It is important that all parties can be open with each other in order to make PPI more meaningful.Acknowledgments:This work has received support from the EU/EFPIA Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking RTCure grant number 777357.Disclosure of Interests:Savia de Souza: None declared, Ruth Williams: None declared, Eva Johansson: None declared, Codruta Zabalan: None declared, Tom Esterine: None declared, Margôt Bakkers: None declared, Wolfgang Roth: None declared, Neil Mc Carthy: None declared, Meryll Blake: None declared, Susanne Karlfeldt: None declared, Martina Johannesson: None declared, Karim Raza Grant/research support from: KR has received research funding from AbbVie and Pfizer, Consultant of: KR has received honoraria and/or consultancy fees from AbbVie, Sanofi, Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, UCB, Pfizer, Janssen and Roche Chugai, Speakers bureau: KR has received honoraria and/or consultancy fees from AbbVie, Sanofi, Lilly, Bristol-Myers Squibb, UCB, Pfizer, Janssen and Roche Chugai

Income convergence in Europe: Catching up or falling behind?

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Czasonis ◽  
Michael Quinn
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Euro Zone ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
The Eu

One of the motivations for a country to join the European Union is the belief that this will boost short- and long-run incomes. Researchers have tested the hypothesis of income convergence in different settings using either regression or unit root analysis, with mixed results. In this paper, we use both methods on the same samples over a significant time period. This allows us to judge differences in results across varied time-frames and methodologies. The focus of these tests is on convergence to German and EMU average incomes by Eastern European countries and those within the Euro-zone from 1971–2007. The evidence for convergence is mixed. Among the Euro-zone countries, there is more evidence of convergence in the 1970s and 1980s than recently. There is significant evidence that Eastern Europe experienced convergence and that capital formation was one of the root causes. While the results do not support the hypothesis that joining the EU increases convergence, reforms undertaken in the 1990s by Eastern European countries in preparation for joining may have helped them to “catch up”, even if the act of joining the EU did not directly impact convergence.

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