scholarly journals Middle Income Trap and Balance of Payments Constraint in the Turkish Economy

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zekayi Kaya ◽  
Erkan Tokucu ◽  
Murat Aykırı ◽  
Cahit Durmuş
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
High Income ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Turkish Economy ◽  
Middle Income Trap ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Policy Proposals

Since the 1980’s, the growth rates have been continuously fluctuating because of internal and external economic and politic developments. These fluctuating - low growth rates led to a discussion on the middle income trap which is an outcome of low growth rates in Turkey. According to the some indicators, there is a middle income trap in the Turkish economy and the competitiveness of the economy has been decreasing in the international area because of the trap. It is seen that especially technology and innovations are the prominents factors that the governments have to take into account. This study is on the middle income trap in Turkey. In this context, firstly, the definitions of income traps, income grups, and the middle income trap will be given. Second, the causes of the middle income trap and the exit strategies from the trap will be expressed. Third, some indicators of the economy will be examined and compared with the high middle income and the high income countries. Fourth, the rank of the Turkish economy in the global competitiveness indeks will be shown and compared with the other countries. Fifth, the relationship between the middle income trap and the balance of payments will be investigated in context of the Thirlwall Rule. Finally, in order to escape from the trap, some policy proposals of the authors will be asserted.

scholarly journals Global competitiveness divide and the middle-income-trap

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Yaw Acheampong
Keyword(s):  
High Income ◽  
World Economic Forum ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Income Status ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Middle Income Trap

In recent times, the middle-income trap (MIT) has become a pertinent issue as economists, researchers and development practitioners continue seek answers to why the majority of middle-income countries find it difficult to advance to high-income status. There is still no consensus in literature as to the exact cause(s) and the solution to the MIT. The World Economic Forum posits that, the score of countries on the Global Competitive Index (GCI) 4.0 accounts for over 80% of the variation in income levels of countries. This suggests that the extent of global competitiveness of countries could potentially help them to escape the MIT. However, some competitiveness literature have identified an apparent competitiveness divide among countries. This paper therefore seeks to answer the following questions: how does middle-income countries differ from the high-income countries in terms of global competitiveness. The study utilises an independent samples t-test and effect size measures to examine the GCI 4.0 scores of 140 countries. The study finds a very large and significant competitiveness divide between the high and middle-income countries.

On the Path to High-Income Status or to Middle-Income Trap: The Turkish Economy in Search of Its Future

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ahmet Faruk Aysan ◽  
Mehmet Babacan ◽  
Nurullah Gur ◽  
Hatice Karahan
Keyword(s):  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Turkish Economy ◽  
Middle Income Trap

The 'Sick immigrant' and 'Healthy immigrant' phenomenon among Jews migrating from the USSR to Israel

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Pinchas-Mizrachi ◽  
Y Naparstek ◽  
R Nirel ◽  
E Kukia
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
High Income ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Study Population ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The “healthy immigrant” phenomenon attributes health benefits to immigrants. We examined this phenomenon using the relationship between immigration and mortality, by income level, among Soviet immigrants to Israel in the 1990s, in comparison to veteran immigrants with similar genetic makeup. A retrospective cohort study of mortality during 1996-2016 was conducted among 99,037 immigrants born during 1940-1955 in the USSR or Eastern Europe who immigrated during 1990-1995, compared to a control group of 119,150 Jews born during 1940-1955 who and/or whose parents were born in those same countries and immigrated by 1960. After adjusting for gender, age, income and marital status, we found higher mortality rates among immigrants compared to non-immigrants for the total study population (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 1.297, 99% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.248, 1.348) and among 27,563 men (AHR = 2.941, 99%CI = 2.704, 3.199) and 32,220 women (AHR = 1.756, 99%CI = 1.614, 1.909) with low incomes. The opposite relationship was found for 45,863 men (AHR = 0.714 ,99%CI = 0.635, 0.804) and for 24,852 women (AHR = 0.738 ,99%CI = 0.596, 0.913) with high incomes. For the total study population, we found support for the “sick immigrant” phenomenon. However, both genders in the high-income subgroup, and women in the middle-income subgroup, demonstrated the “healthy immigrant” phenomenon. Decision makers in Israel should devote particular attention to immigrants from a low socioeconomic level. Our results emphasize the need for social stratification when examining the relationships between immigration and health outcomes. Key messages For the total study population, we found support for the “sick immigrant” phenomenon. However, both genders in the high-income subgroup, and women in the middle-income subgroup, demonstrated the “healthy immigrant” phenomenon.

Global Value Chains, Preferential Trade, and the Middle-Income Trap

2020 ◽  
pp. 297-317
Author(s):  
Renato Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Middle Income Trap ◽  
The Relationship

After a period of rapid growth, developing countries often experience a slowdown in growth and productivity, falling into what has come to be known as the “‘middle-income trap.” Production chains in East Asia, North America, and Western Europe have imposed a new model of production. Participating in global value chains became a policy issue. Market friendly trade policies—be it multilateral reductions of tariff and non-tariff barriers or preferential trade agreements with selected economies—are an essential part of this model. The relationship between value chains and regional integration has gained momentum, partly because participation in value chains is identified as a source of competitiveness, much needed for economies facing the middle-income trap. The relationship between preferential trade and participation in value chains as a means to deal with the middle-income trap is the subject of this chapter.

The Impact of Export Destination on Skills in a Middle-Income Country

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-340
Author(s):  
Adriana Peluffo
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Middle Income Country ◽  
High Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Skilled Labor ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Export Destination ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This study analyzes the relationship among exports to high-income countries on the demand for skilled labor. To this aim, we use a panel of Uruguayan manufacturing firms for the period 1997–2006. The results show that, contrary to studies for developed and other middle-income economies, exports to high-income countries do not result in a higher demand for skilled labor. The explanation for these results may lie in the productive specialization of the country.

The middle income trap: an empirical evidence on the Turkish economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Sevilay Konya ◽  
Zeynep Karaçor ◽  
Pınar Yardımcı
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Turkish Economy ◽  
Middle Income Trap
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