scholarly journals Mass Migration Process between Turkey’s Eastern Regions and Seaboard-Western Regions

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahsin Bakırtaş ◽  
Orhan Kandemir
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Employment Opportunity ◽  
Migration Process ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Green Card ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Economic Migration

In the study, the aim is to analyze the economic causes of the migration phenomenon that is the most important problem of today’s Turkey, and to suggest different policy proposals for the solution of the problem. Within this frame, by accepting sixteen cities that receive high rates of migration according to arithmetical average of 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 periods indicated in the Address-Based Population Registration System as “center of attraction”, migration movements from eastern cities and from cities apart from eastern cities (western cities) to these sixteen cities of “center of attraction” were analyzed separately. In order to explain migration that oriented to centers of attraction, a multiple regression model that is convenient with international literature was formed. In this model, the number of enterprise that represents employment opportunity, the number of green card holders that represents poverty related to low income, the number of illiterates that represents lack of education and lastly the number of criminals that represents unrest were taken as independent variables. According to analysis results, independent variables that are used in the model explained migration process in both eastern cities and western cities as above 90%. On the other hand, when the coefficient rates of independent variables are examined, it was revealed that the most important determinant in economic migration is the employment opportunity. Consequently, making only income increasing social aids in regions where migration to other cities takes place is not sufficient; in addition to that, increasing employment opportunities is a healthier and a long-term solution.

Multiple regression analyses of midwinter fattening of the white-throated sparrow

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2405-2411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Blem ◽  
Michael H. Shelor
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Zonotrichia Albicollis ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Extreme High Temperature

Midwinter lipid depots of the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) at Richmond, Virginia, are correlated with a suite of environmental and morphological variables. Lipid reserves allow this species to survive even the most extreme winter conditions for several hours. Variables having the greatest individual correlations with lipid reserve are average temperature of the 20 days prior to capture, fat class, body weight, and long-term (32-year) average temperature of the date of capture. A comprehensive multiple regression model based on analyses of all possible independent variables accounts for 87% of the variation in lipid reserves. The most important independent variables in this model are body weight, mean temperature of the 20 days preceding collection, fat class, extreme high temperature of the day of capture, long-term average temperature, relative humidity, chill factor, wet-bulb temperatures of the day before and the day of capture, wing length, and precipitation. The "best" equation using only measurements of environment as independent variables included time of collection in hours after sunrise and hours before sunset, Eastern Standard Time, temperature of the 20 days prior to capture, and mean wind velocity of the day before capture. Models computed solely from temperature measurements included dry-bulb temperatures of the day of capture and the day before capture, low extreme temperatures of the day of capture, wet-bulb temperatures of the day before capture, and the 20-day average dry-bulb temperature of the period prior to collection. Fattening in response to weather conditions appears to be a form of "fine-tuning" of energy reserves superimposed on a more stable, intrinsic cycle of winter fattening.

Pengaruh Independensi, Kompetensi, Dan Pengalaman Kerja Auditor Terhadap Kualitas Audit

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-110
Author(s):  
Caroline Sytha Sunarta ◽  
Suhajar Wiyoto
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Survey Area ◽  
Process Data ◽  
External Auditors ◽  
Job Experience ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
One Year ◽  
Public Accountant

The objective of this research is to examine the effect of auditor’s independency, competency, and job experience towards audit quality.This research is conducted by using method survey to public accountants (external auditors) that working settled in Public Accountant Firm (KAP) in Jakarta and Tangerang, in 2012 and have one year minimum experience, as respondents with type research of causality. Using likert scale as an instrument (questionaire) for measure auditor’s perceptions about the independency, competency, and job experience that influence audit quality. From 150 questionaire distributed, returned was 109 questionaire, and 24 not complete, so that only 85 questionaire could be process. Data analysis conducted with multiple regression model. The hypotheses tested are revealed as that independency, competency, and job experience have influence to audit quality as well as partially and simultaneously. The result of the test showed empirical testimony that auditor’s independency, competency, and job experience as well as simultaneously significantly influence audit quality. Partially, independency, competency, and job experience also have significant influence to audit quality. Future research expected can extend survey area coverage and add more independent variables that can have influence to audit quality. Keywords: independency, competency, job experience, audit quality.

Determinants of Anthropometric Failure Among Tribal Children Younger than 5 Years of Age in Palghar, Maharashtra, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Angeline Jeyakumar ◽  
Swapnil Godbharle ◽  
Bibek Raj Giri
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Crude Odds Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Child Undernutrition

Background: Measuring undernutrition using composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF) and identifying its determinants in tribal regions is essential to recognize the true burden of undernutrition in these settings. Objective: To determine anthropometric failure and its determinants among tribal children younger than 5 years in Palghar, Maharashtra, India. Methods: A cross-sectional survey employing CIAF was performed in children <5 years to estimate undernutrition in the tribal district of Palghar in Maharashtra, India. Anthropometric measurements, maternal and child characteristics were recorded from 577 mother–child pairs in 9 villages. Results: As per Z score, prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight were 48%, 13%, and 43%, respectively. According to CIAF, 66% of children had at least one manifestation of undernutrition and 40% had more than one manifestation of undernutrition. Odds of anthropometric failure were 1.5 times higher among children of mothers who were illiterate (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =1.57, 95% CI: 1.0-2.3), children who had birth weight >2.5 kg had lesser odds (AOR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9) of anthropometric failure, and children who had initiated early breastfeeding had 1.5 times higher odds of anthropometric failure (crude odds ratio: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0-2.1). However, when adjusted for other independent variables, the results were not significant. Conclusion: The alarming proportion of anthropometric failure among tribal children calls for urgent short-term interventions to correct undernutrition and long-term interventions to improve maternal literacy and awareness to prevent and manage child undernutrition.

scholarly journals The long term effect of pulmonary tuberculosis on income and employment in a low income, urban setting

Thorax ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. thoraxjnl-2020-215338
Author(s):  
Jamilah Meghji ◽  
Stefanie Gregorius ◽  
Jason Madan ◽  
Fatima Chitimbe ◽  
Rachael Thomson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Treatment Completion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Financial Strain ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Tb Treatment

BackgroundMitigating the socioeconomic impact of tuberculosis (TB) is key to the WHO End TB Strategy. However, little known about socioeconomic well-being beyond TB-treatment completion. In this mixed-methods study, we describe socioeconomic outcomes after TB-disease in urban Blantyre, Malawi, and explore pathways and barriers to financial recovery.MethodsAdults ≥15 years successfully completing treatment for a first episode of pulmonary TB under the National TB Control Programme were prospectively followed up for 12 months. Socioeconomic, income, occupation, health seeking and cost data were collected. Determinants and impacts of ongoing financial hardship were explored through illness narrative interviews with purposively selected participants.Results405 participants were recruited from February 2016 to April 2017. Median age was 35 years (IQR: 28–41), 67.9% (275/405) were male, and 60.6% (244/405) were HIV-positive. Employment and incomes were lowest at TB-treatment completion, with limited recovery in the following year: fewer people were in paid work (63.0% (232/368) vs 72.4% (293/405), p=0.006), median incomes were lower (US$44.13 (IQR: US$0–US$106.15) vs US$72.20 (IQR: US$26.71–US$173.29), p<0.001), and more patients were living in poverty (earning <US$1.90/day: 57.7% (211/366) vs 41.6% (166/399), p<0.001) 1 year after TB-treatment completion compared with before TB-disease onset. Half of the participants (50.5%, 184/368) reported ongoing dissaving (use of savings, selling assets, borrowing money) and 9.5% (35/368) reported school interruptions in the year after TB-treatment completion. Twenty-one participants completed in-depth interviews. Reported barriers to economic recovery included financial insecurity, challenges rebuilding business relationships, residual physical morbidity and stigma.ConclusionsTB-affected households remain economically vulnerable even after TB-treatment completion, with limited recovery in income and employment, persistent financial strain requiring dissaving, and ongoing school interruptions. Measures of the economic impact of TB disease should include the post-TB period. Interventions to protect the long-term health and livelihoods of TB survivors must be explored.

Limits of the current implementation of incremental housing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Goran Ivo Marinovic
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Housing Policy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Housing Project ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Specific Location ◽  
Current Implementation ◽  
Incremental Housing

In the case of conventional public housing, urban planners and policymakers design the layout of a housing project in a specific location and then estimate how many households can afford a home. This housing policy has been pursued as a legitimate solution for housing low- and middle-income households where the houses are individually financed by bank loans or mortgages raised by the occupants. John Turner criticised conventional housing solutions by affirming that ‘developing governments take the perspective of the elite and act as if the process of low-income houses were the same as in high-income countries and the same as for the small upper-middle class of their own countries’. Bruce Ferguson and Jesus Navarrete extend this argument with their critique of distributing finished houses to low-income populations and then requiring long-term payments, which are harmful to the beneficiaries. They note that ‘governments think of housing as complete units built by developers that households must purchase with a long-term loan rather than as a progressive process’.

scholarly journals Influences on catch-up growth using relative versus absolute metrics: evidence from the MAL-ED cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Richard ◽  
Benjamin J. J. McCormick ◽  
Laura E. Murray-Kolb ◽  
Pascal Bessong ◽  
Sanjaya K. Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Maternal Height ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Micronutrient Status

Abstract Background Poor growth in early childhood has been considered irreversible after 2–3 years of age and has been associated with morbidity and mortality over the short-term and with poor economic and cognitive outcomes over the long-term. The MAL-ED cohort study was performed in eight low-income settings with the goal of evaluating relationships between the child’s environment and experience (dietary, illness, and pathogen exposure, among others) and their growth and development. The goal of this analysis is to determine whether there are differences in the factors associated with growth from 24 to 60 months using two different metrics. Methods Across six MAL-ED sites, 942 children had anthropometry data at 24 and 60 months, as well as information about socioeconomic status, maternal height, gut permeability (lactulose-mannitol z-score (LMZ)), dietary intake from 9 to 24 months, and micronutrient status. Anthropometric changes were in height- or weight-for-age z-score (HAZ, WAZ), their absolute difference from the growth standard median (HAD (cm), WAD (kg)), as well as recovery from stunting/underweight. Outcomes were modeled using multivariate regression. Results At 24 months, almost half of the cohort was stunted (45%) and 21% were underweight. Among those who were stunted at 24 months (n = 426), 185 (43%) were no longer stunted at 60 months. Most children increased their HAZ from 24 to 60 months (81%), whereas fewer (33%) had positive changes in their HAD. Linear regression models indicate that girls improved less than boys from 24 to 60 months (HAZ: -0.21 (95% CI -0.27, -0.15); HAD: -0.75 (-1.07, -0.43)). Greater intestinal permeability (higher LMZ) at 0–24 months was associated with lower relative and absolute changes from 24 to 60 months (HAZ: -0.10 (-0.16, -0.04); HAD: -0.47 (-0.73, -0.21)). Maternal height (per 10 cm) was positively associated with changes (HAZ: 0.09 (0.03, 0.15); HAD: 0.45 (0.15, 0.75)). Similar relationships were identified for changes in WAZ and WAD. Conclusions The study children demonstrated improved growth from 24 to 60 months of age, but only a subset had positive changes in HAD and WAD. The same environmental factors were associated with growth from 24 to 60 months regardless of metric used (change in HAZ or HAD, or WAZ and WAD).

Trajectories of adolescent poly-substance use and their long-term social and economic outcomes for males from low-income backgrounds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Vergunst ◽  
Nicholas Chadi ◽  
Massimiliano Orri ◽  
Camille Brousseau-Paradis ◽  
Natalie Castellanos-Ryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Outcomes

scholarly journals Integrated photothermal decontamination device for N95 respirators

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Muñoz ◽  
Maxime Comtois-Bona ◽  
David Cortes ◽  
Cagla Eren Cimenci ◽  
Qiujiang Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Photothermal Treatment ◽  
Mild Temperature ◽  
N95 Respirators ◽  
Uv C

AbstractThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the COVID-19 global pandemic has infected over 25 million people worldwide and resulted in the death of millions. The COVID-19 pandemic has also resulted in a shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) in many regions around the world, particularly in middle- and low-income countries. The shortages of PPE, such as N95 respirators, is something that will persist until an effective vaccine is made available. Thus, devices that while being easy to operate can also be rapidly deployed in health centers, and long-term residences without the need for major structural overhaul are instrumental to sustainably use N95 respirators. In this report, we present the design and validation of a decontamination device that combines UV-C & B irradiation with mild-temperature treatment. The device can decontaminate up to 20 masks in a cycle of < 30 min. The decontamination process did not damage or reduce the filtering capacity of the masks. Further, the efficacy of the device to eliminate microbes and viruses from the masks was also evaluated. The photothermal treatment of our device was capable of eradicating > 99.9999% of the bacteria and > 99.99% of the virus tested.

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