Policy Focus: Ensuring a funding environment that reflects the impact of physiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Addison
Keyword(s):  
Funding Environment ◽  
The Impact

13 The Impact of a Changing Funding Environment on Agencies

2020 ◽  
pp. 255-285
Author(s):  
Roslyn H. Chernesky ◽  
Irene A. Gutheil
Keyword(s):  
Funding Environment ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Assessing the impact of the funding environment on researchers’ risk aversion: the use of citation statistics

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank A. Zoller ◽  
Eric Zimmerling ◽  
Roman Boutellier
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Citation Statistics ◽  
Funding Environment ◽  
The Impact

Track Time: Construction or the Customer

1998 ◽  
Vol 1623 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Capital Funding ◽  
Risk Cost ◽  
Funding Environment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neighborhood Impacts ◽  
Excessive Risk ◽  
Very High

From the mid-1980s to the early 1990s, the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) undertook two major rail infrastructure projects that required disruption of service: one on the Market-Frankford Line and the other on the regional rail or commuter system (called Railworks). The decisions on how the rehabilitations would be carried out and passenger service provided resulted in significantly different approaches. In addition, lessons learned from the Frankford Elevated reconstruction were applied to the Railworks project, to mitigate both neighborhood impacts and losses of ridership. The decisions that went into the alternate approaches used on these two projects within the SEPTA organization and the actual results of the strategies pursued are evaluated. The evaluations that went into the decisions for the Frankford El reconstruction and the Railworks project—as well as the strategies used to minimize the impact on communities and riders—are reviewed. In addition, the ridership trends before, during, and after the projects are presented with an analysis of the factors that affected those trends. The following conclusions were reached: (a) the management of track outages or track time creates a very high potential for excessive risk cost (in this context, risk cost is the premium contractors include in their bids to cover unknowns); (b) the division of responsibilities in rail transit capital programs impedes the optimization of track time; (c) the capital funding environment is not effective in recognizing the ridership and thus the fare box impact of track outages; and (d) contractors need to be sold on the projects and included in the strategies used for providing service during the rehabilitation process.

Work as a government ‘scientist’: Professional status security during organisational change and downsizing

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Glennie ◽  
Michael O’Donnell ◽  
John Benson ◽  
Michelle Brown
Keyword(s):  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Organisational Change ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Professional Status ◽  
Public Research ◽  
Research Workforce ◽  
Research Organisations ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
Funding Environment ◽  
The Impact

An increasingly complex and competitive funding environment has led many public research organisations to intervene in the organisation of scientists’ work. Government scientists represent a major component of the public research workforce but little is known of how workers in this sector have fared amid institutional and organisational change. Government scientists have applied research objectives but must still meet the profession’s requirements for legitimisation through independent research and peer-reviewed publishing to be recognised professionally as ‘scientists’. This study examines the impact of organisational change and downsizing in an Australian government science agency on the professional status security of its scientists. It uses a mixed method approach involving one focus group, 22 in-depth interviews and 803 survey responses. It finds that structural change reduced scientists’ professional status security and that a context of job insecurity and limited external employment opportunities inhibits individual scientists’ capacity to resist adverse changes to their work conditions.

Formation of Lunar Craters and Bright Rays as a Result of Meteorite Impacts

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 415-418
Author(s):  
K. P. Stanyukovich ◽  
V. A. Bronshten
Keyword(s):  
Explosive Charge ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Meteorite Impacts ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Lunar Craters ◽  
The Impact

The phenomena accompanying the impact of large meteorites on the surface of the Moon or of the Earth can be examined on the basis of the theory of explosive phenomena if we assume that, instead of an exploding meteorite moving inside the rock, we have an explosive charge (equivalent in energy), situated at a certain distance under the surface.

The Geosciences Applied to Lunar Exploration

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 169-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Probable Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lunar Exploration ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Apply Geophysics ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
The Impact

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.

Asteroid and Comet Impact Speeds upon Mars: Significance for Panspermia and the Supply of Organics

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Steel
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Significant Fraction ◽  
Organic Chemicals ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhilst lithopanspermia depends upon massive impacts occurring at a speed above some limit, the intact delivery of organic chemicals or other volatiles to a planet requires the impact speed to be below some other limit such that a significant fraction of that material escapes destruction. Thus the two opposite ends of the impact speed distributions are the regions of interest in the bioastronomical context, whereas much modelling work on impacts delivers, or makes use of, only the mean speed. Here the probability distributions of impact speeds upon Mars are calculated for (i) the orbital distribution of known asteroids; and (ii) the expected distribution of near-parabolic cometary orbits. It is found that cometary impacts are far more likely to eject rocks from Mars (over 99 percent of the cometary impacts are at speeds above 20 km/sec, but at most 5 percent of the asteroidal impacts); paradoxically, the objects impacting at speeds low enough to make organic/volatile survival possible (the asteroids) are those which are depleted in such species.

Organic Syntheses During the Impact of a Comet with a Gaseous Planet

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
Cesare Guaita ◽  
Roberto Crippa ◽  
Federico Manzini
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Material ◽  
Molecular Form ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Blue Filter ◽  
Organic Syntheses ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA large amount of CO has been detected above many SL9/Jupiter impacts. This gas was never detected before the collision. So, in our opinion, CO was released from a parent compound during the collision. We identify this compound as POM (polyoxymethylene), a formaldehyde (HCHO) polymer that, when suddenly heated, reformes monomeric HCHO. At temperatures higher than 1200°K HCHO cannot exist in molecular form and the most probable result of its decomposition is the formation of CO. At lower temperatures, HCHO can react with NH3 and/or HCN to form high UV-absorbing polymeric material. In our opinion, this kind of material has also to be taken in to account to explain the complex evolution of some SL9 impacts that we observed in CCD images taken with a blue filter.

Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Matthews ◽  
Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽  
Shirley A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Heterogeneous Solids ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

Unusual Microstructure in Shock-Compacted Graphite

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 474-475
Author(s):  
Lucien F. Trueb
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Characteristic ◽  
Compression Wave ◽  
Gray Zone ◽  
Flyer Plate ◽  
Compacted Graphite ◽  
The Impact

Crushed and statically compressed Madagascar graphite that was explosively shocked at 425 kb by means of a planar flyer-plate is characterized by a black zone extending for 2 to 3 nun below the impact plane of the driver. Beyond this point, the material assumes the normal gray color of graphite. The thickness of the black zone is identical with the distance taken by the relaxation wave to overtake the compression wave.The main mechanical characteristic of the black material is its great hardness; steel scalpels and razor blades are readily blunted during attempts to cut it. An average microhardness value of 95-3 DPHN was obtained with a 10 kg load. This figure is a minimum because the indentations were usually cracked; 14.8 DPHN was measured in the gray zone.

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