scholarly journals HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES OF 179 COUNTRIES WITH DIFFERENT GNI PER CAPITA IN 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 678-683
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Vezhnovets ◽  
Vitalyi G. Gurianov ◽  
Natalia V. Prus ◽  
Oleksandr V. Korotkyi ◽  
Olena Y. Antonyuk
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Positive Effect

The aim: To study the difference in health care expenditures in groups of countries with different GNI per capita. Materials and methods: In 4 groups of countries with different GNI per capita were analyzed indicators of Current health expenditure per capita ($) (СHE), Domestic general government health expenditure per capita, PPP ($) (GGHE $) and GGHE%, Domestic private health expenditure per capita, PPP ($) (PHE) and PHE%, Out-of-pocket expenditure (%) (OOP), Current health expenditure (% of GDP) (CHE% GDP). Results: The group of high-income countries differs by CHE, GGHE $, GGHE%, PHE $, PHE%, OOP, CHE% GDP (p <0.001), the group with incomes above the average – by CHE, GGHE $, PHE $, PHE%, CHE%GDP (p <0.001). Groups with lower average income and low income do not differ in CHE, GGHE$, PHE$, PHE%, OOP (p> 0.05). GNI per capita has a positive effect on GDP%GDP, CHE, GGHE, PHE in the high-income group and negatively affects the OOP (p <0.05), GNI per capita has a positive effect on CHE, GGHE in the above-average income group, GNI per capita has a positive effect on CHE, GGHE, GGHE%, PHE and negatively affects OOP (p <0.05) in the income group below average. GNI percapita has a positive effect on the OOP and negatively affects the CHE%GDP (p <0.05) in the low-income group. Conclusions: Each group of countries, depending on per capita income, has its own health care costs.

scholarly journals Prevalence and determinants of using complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of chronic illnesses: A multicenter study in Bangladesh

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262221
Author(s):  
Md. Shahjalal ◽  
Samar Kishor Chakma ◽  
Tanvir Ahmed ◽  
Irin Yasmin ◽  
Rashidul Alam Mahumud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Alternative Medicine ◽  
Complementary And Alternative Medicine ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Complementary And Alternative

Background While conventional medicine (CM) is commonly used to treat non-communicable diseases (NCDs), complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is gaining popularity as a healthcare option in Bangladesh. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with using CAM solely and using CAM in conjunction with CM for chronic illness treatment among NCD patients in Bangladesh. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted, including 549 adults with a confirmed chronic illness diagnosis from three tertiary care hospitals in Dhaka city. Interviews were used to gather socio-demographic data, while medical records were used to get information on chronic illnesses. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to determine the associated factors of utilizing CAM primarily and CAM use in conjunction with CM to manage the chronic disease. Results Out of 549 NCD patients (282 women [51.4%], mean [standard deviation] age 45.4 [12.8] years), 180 (32.8%) ever used CAM for the treatment of chronic illness. Also, 15.3% of patients exclusively used CAM among the NCD patients, while 17.5% used CAM in conjunction with CM. Homeopathy medicine was the most prevalent type of treatment among CAM users (52.2%). Furthermore, 55.5% of CAM users said they used it due to its less adverse effects, and 41.6% trusted its effectiveness for chronic illness. Elderly patients (≥60 years) preferred CAM in complementary with CM, but they did not rely only on CAM. According to the multinomial regression analysis, unmarried patients, predominantly in the younger age group, adopted CAM significantly for chronic illness treatment (Relative risk ratio, RRR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.12–0.71, reference = Unmarried). Patients in the high-income group used CAM in conjunction with CM (RRR = 6.26, 95% CI = 1.35–18.90, reference: low-income), whereas patients in the high-income group did not rely on CAM alone (RRR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.34–2.85). Conclusion Although CM remains the mainstream of health care in Bangladesh, CAM services play an essential role in people’s health care, particularly in treating chronic illnesses. Physicians of Bangladesh should be aware that their patients may be using other services and be prepared to ask and answer questions regarding the risks and benefits of using CAM in addition to regular medical care. Thus, clinicians required to follow best-practice guidelines, which are currently not practiced in Bangladesh, when disseminating information regarding integrative techniques that combine CM and CAM approaches.

A Study of Out-of-pocket Health Expenditures

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imlak Shaikh ◽  
Shabda Singh
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Capita Health Expenditure ◽  
Per Capita

The aim of this study is to analyze health care expenditures in seven South Asian countries, namely, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal. The data are taken for 19 years from 1995 to 2013. We specifically examine the out-of-pocket health care expenditure in these countries. Per capita health expenditure differences have been compared. We also develop regression model for out-of-pocket expenditure with the factors affecting it, that is, per capita health expenditure, household final consumption expenditure and public health expenditure. Logarithm values of out-of-pocket expenditure have also been used to develop a separate log model for the same. The results suggest that Maldives has the highest per capita health expenditure, while out-of-pocket health expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure on health is the highest for India. The key determinant of out-of-pocket expenditures is the final household expenditures as the percentage of GDP.

The monetary value of disability-adjusted-life-years lost in Kenya in 2017.pdf

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joses Kirigia ◽  
Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

<div>A variant of human capital (or net output) analytical framework was applied to monetarily value DALYs lost from 166 diseases and injuries. The monetary value of each of the 166 diseases (or injuries) was obtained through multiplication of the net 2019 GDP per capita for Kenya by the number of DALYs lost from each specific cause. Where net GDP per capita was calculated by subtracting current health expenditure from the GDP per capita. </div><div> </div><p>The DALYs data for the 166 causes were from IHME (Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, 2018), GDP per capita data from the International Monetary Fund world economic outlook database (International Monetary Fund, 2019), and the current health expenditure per person data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (World Health Organization, 2019b). A model consisting of fourteen equations was calculated with Excel Software developed by Microsoft (New York).</p><p> </p>

Annual direct health care expenditures and employee absenteeism costs in high-risk, low-income mothers with major depression

2016 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 386-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Ammerman ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
Peter J. Mallow ◽  
John A. Rizzo ◽  
Alonzo T. Folger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Employee Absenteeism ◽  
Low Income Mothers

scholarly journals Inequity under Equality: Research on the Benefits Equity of Chinese Basic Medical Insurance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Diao ◽  
Yiwei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Medical Insurance ◽  
High Income ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Basic Medical Insurance ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Basic Medical

Abstract Background: The pursuit of equity is one of the basic principles behind the strengthening of health care reform. China's new rural cooperative medical insurance (NRCMI) and urban residents' basic medical insurance (URBMI) are both “equalized” in terms of fundraising and reimbursement. This paper studies the benefits equity under this "equalized" system.Methods: The data analysed in this paper are from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2014 to 2016, implemented by the Institute of Social Science Survey at Peking University. A two-part model and a binary choice model are used in the empirical test.Results: The empirical test revealed that high-income people benefit more from basic medical insurance than low-income people. Mechanism analysis demonstrated that high-income people have higher medical insurance applicability and can utilize better health care. Since low-income people are unhealthier, inequity in benefits exacerbates health inequity. We also found that the benefits equity of URBMI is better than that of NRCMI.Conclusions: The government needs to pay more attention to the issue of medical insurance inequity. We should consider allowing different income groups to pay different premiums according to their medical expenses or applying different reimbursement policies for different income groups.

International perspectives on inpatient mental health care

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Andrew Molodynski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Inpatient Care ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
International Perspectives

Inpatient care varies enormously, both between countries and regions and within them. These variations are most stark when based on economic factors, but stigma, prevailing societal attitudes, and the role of the family also play a significant part in the amount and quality of mental health care overall. This chapter begins by outlining global economic factors and their impact on provision. It then focuses on the concept of a whole systems approach, looking briefly at the evidence base for different components of services generally seen in high-income group countries. Alternative suggestions to ‘high-income group’ models are discussed as the evidence internationally emanates almost exclusively from a small number of wealthy westernized countries. The chapter ends with a section looking at several internationally important themes in inpatient care and outlining examples of differences between countries in challenges and in solutions to what is one of the longest standing issues in mental health care: how to provide humane, effective inpatient care to those who need it (and not to those who do not).

scholarly journals Long-Term Effect of Income Level on Mortality after Stroke: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8348
Author(s):  
Seungmin Jeong ◽  
Sung-il Cho ◽  
So Yeon Kong
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Stroke Mortality ◽  
Stroke Event ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Medical Aid ◽  
Post Stroke

We investigated whether income level has long-term effects on mortality rate in stroke patients and whether this varies with time after the first stroke event, using the National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort data from 2002 to 2015 in South Korea. The study population was new-onset stroke patients ≥18 years of age. Patients were categorized into Category (1) insured employees and Category (2) insured self-employed/Medical Aid beneficiaries. Each category was divided into three and four income level groups, retrospectively. The study population comprised of 11,668 patients. Among the Category 1 patients (n = 7720), the low-income group’s post-stroke mortality was 1.15-fold higher than the high-income group. Among the Category 2 patients (n = 3948), the lower income groups had higher post-stroke mortality than the high-income group (middle-income, aOR (adjusted odds ratio) 1.29; low-income, aOR 1.70; Medical Aid beneficiaries, aOR 2.19). In this category, the lower income groups’ post-stroke mortality risks compared to the high-income group were highest at 13–36 months after the first stroke event(middle-income, aOR 1.52; low-income, aOR 2.31; Medical Aid beneficiaries, aOR 2.53). Medical Aid beneficiaries had a significantly higher post-stroke mortality risk than the high-income group at all time points.

Alternde Bevölkerung und Gesundheitsausgaben / Ageing Population and Health Care Expenditure

2007 ◽  
Vol 227 (5-6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Demographic Process ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Per Capita

SummaryRelevant publications discuss the relation between the demographic process and per-capita health care expenditures (HCE) in a controversial manner. This concerns theory as well as the results of empirical research. Therefore, this paper discusses the influence of an ageing population on HCE in a theoretical framework. It breaks down HCE into three components: time-to-death, morbidity and age structure. The components are analysed theoretically and the results are contrasted with the results of empirical surveys. The paper closes with a discussion whether to include costs of dying and changing morbidity explicitly into forecasting future HCE or not.

Neoliberal Reforms in Swedish Primary Health Care: For Whom and for What Purpose?

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Göran Dahlgren
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
High Income ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Access And Quality

The conservative government that came to power in Sweden in 2006 has initiated major market-oriented reforms in the health sector. Its first health care policy bill changed the health legislation to make it possible to sell/transfer public hospitals to commercial providers while maintaining public funding. Far-reaching market-oriented primary health care reforms are also initiated, for example in Stockholm County. They are typically presented as “free choice models” in which “the money follows the patient.” The actual and likely effects of these reforms in terms of access and quality of care are discussed in this article. One main finding is that existing social inequities in geographic access to care not only are reinforced but also become very difficult to change by democratic political decisions. Furthermore, dynamic market forces will gradually reduce the quality of care in low-income areas while both access and quality of care will be even better in high-income areas. Public funds are thus transferred from people living in low-income areas to people living in high-income areas, even though the need for good health services is much greater in the low-income areas. Certain policy options for reversing the inverse law of care are also presented.

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