scholarly journals ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MEDICAL PRACTICE: REGULATIVE ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2722-2727
Author(s):  
Vitalii M. Pashkov ◽  
Andrii O. Harkusha ◽  
Yevheniia O. Harkusha
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Privacy Rights ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Main Challenge

The aim of the research is to identify specific of AI in healthcare, its nature, and specifics and to establish complexities of AI implementation in healthcare and to propose ways to eliminate them. Materials and methods: This study was conducted during June-October of 2020. Through a broad literature review, analysis of EU, USA regulation acts, scientific researches and opinions of progressive-minded people in this sphere this paper provide a guide to understanding the essence of AI in healthcare and specifics of its regulation. It is based on dialectical, comparative, analytic, synthetic and comprehensive methods. Results: One of the first broad definitions of AI sounded like “Artificial Intelligence is the study of ideas which enable computers to do the things that make people seem intelligent ... The central goals of Artificial Intelligence are to make computers more useful and to understand the principles which make intelligence possible.” There are two approaches to name this technology - “Artificial intelligence” and “Augmented Intelligence.” We prefer to use a more common category of “Artificial intelligence” rather than “Augmented Intelligence” because the last one, from our point of view, leaves much space for “human supervision” meaning, and that will limit the sense of AI while it will undoubtedly develop in future. AI in current practice is interpreted in three forms, they are: AI as a simple electronic tool without any level of autonomy (like electronic assistant, “calculator”), AI as an entity ith some level of autonomy, but under human control, and AI as an entity with broad autonomy, substituting human's activity wholly or partly, and we have to admit that the first one cannot be considered as AI at all in current conditions of science development. Description of AI often tends to operate with big technological products like DeepMind (by Google), Watson Health (by IBM), Healthcare's Edison (by General Electric), but in fact, a lot of smaller technologies also use AI in the healthcare field – smartphone applications, wearable health devices and other examples of the Internet of Things. At the current stage of development AI in medical practice is existing in three technical forms: software, hardware, and mixed forms using three main scientific-statistical approaches – flowchart method, database method, and decision-making method. All of them are useable, but they are differently suiting for AI implementation. The main issues of AI implementation in healthcare are connected with the nature of technology in itself, complexities of legal support in terms of safety and efficiency, privacy, ethical and liability concerns. Conclusion: The conducted analysis makes it possible to admit a number of pros and cons in the field of AI using in healthcare. Undoubtedly this is a promising area with a lot of gaps and grey zones to fill in. Furthermore, the main challenge is not on technology itself, which is rapidly growing, evolving, and uncovering new areas of its use, but rather on the legal framework that is clearly lacking appropriate regulations and some political, ethical, and financial transformations. Thus, the core questions regarding is this technology by its nature is suitable for healthcare at all? Is the current legislative framework looking appropriate to regulate AI in terms of safety, efficiency, premarket, and postmarked monitoring? How the model of liability with connection to AI technology using in healthcare should be constructed? How to ensure privacy without the restriction of AI technology use? Should intellectual privacy rights prevail over public health concerns? Many questions to address in order to move in line with technology development and to get the benefits of its practical implementation.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence to Improve the Business Efficiency and Effectiveness for Enterprises in Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hamada ◽  
Daniya Temirkhanova ◽  
Diana Serikbay ◽  
Sanzhar Salybekov ◽  
Saltanat Omarbek
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Business Efficiency ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Data Extracting ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The main objective of the research is identifying the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in the business sphere of Kazakhstan. The urgency of this problem is due to the fact that the Kazakhstani market for artificial intelligence is at the initial stage of development. The main obstacle to the introduction of artificial intelligence is the unpreparedness of managers of small and medium-sized businesses for the application of artificial intelligence technologies and, of course, the high cost of their implementation. In the study, we proceeded from the key thesis that business in Kazakhstan is striving for digital transformation. We set a goal to determine the attitude and degree of readiness of Kazakhstani business to the implementation and practical application of artificial intelligence, to describe the cases of using artificial intelligence by Kazakhstani business, to identify the main questions that arise in business at this stage, to study the legal aspects of using artificial intelligence in business and to present the big picture compliance / inconsistency of the existing legal framework with the goals and objectives of the development of artificial intelligence, provide recommendations for eliminatinge xisting barriers and stimulating businesses to implement the technology. Within the framework of this study, the concept of artificial intelligence is defined in its broadest sense - as a set of technologies for processing various types of data and information, in particular those capable of interpreting such data, extracting knowledge and using it to achieve certain goals.

Assessment and analysis of efficiency system management by innovative factors for sustainable development of national economy from the position satisfaction of vital interests population in Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-16
Author(s):  
Оксана Василівна Бондар-Підгурська ◽  
Алла Олександрівна Глєбова
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
System Management ◽  
Stage Of Development

The scientific and methodological approach to the evaluation and analysis of the efficiency of system management by innovation factors for sustainable development of national economy from the point of view satisfaction vital interest’s population is developed. This is the calculation of the modernized index human development based on the adjective model based on 26 indicators (social, economic and environmental subsystems), as well as using the methods of the main components and the slip matrix. The resultant value is the modernized Human Development Index (MHDІ) of Ukraine. The architectonics MHDІ of Ukraine in 2007–2017 from the position of sub-indices of the ecological, social and economic subsystems is analyzed. Consequently, the scientific and methodological approach based on the MHDI change allows us to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the work and public administration bodies in the context of making managerial decisions regarding the satisfaction of the vital interest’s population. MHDI considers the main regulated parameter of the system management in the innovation factors of sustainable development in socially oriented economy. The tendency of steady decline MHDI of Ukraine in 2007–2017 on 53.45 % was confirmed, which confirms inefficient state regulation of crisis situations in Ukraine. In order to increase the efficiency management of innovative factors by sustainable development of the national economy, from the standpoint of satisfaction vital interest’s population, it is proposed to intensify the use of public debt and savings bonds, market and non-market methods of relief and debt load. This is due to the fact that at the current stage of development in the national economy, public external debt is one of the most significant indicators of the state economy. It is at the same time a criterion for the effectiveness of public financial policy, as well as a threat and opportunity for the Ukrainian economy. In order to optimize its size, various methods, approaches, tools are used. Based on the analysis of world experience, it has been established that the securities market, in particular debt securities, plays a strategic role in regulating this issue. Therefore, it makes sense to recommend government debt bonds and government savings bonds to optimize the amount of external public debt.

Innovative Marketing Strategies for Select E-Commerce Companies in India - A Review.

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Bhanja ◽  
P.C Tripathy
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Customer Base ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Online Shoppers ◽  
Drastic Increase

Innovation is the key to opportunities and growth in today’s competitive and dynamic business environment. It not only nurtures but also provides companies with unique dimensions for constant reinvention of the existing way of performance which enables and facilitates them to reach out to their prospective customers more effectively. It has been estimated by Morgan Stanley that India would have 480 million shoppers buying products online by the year 2026, a drastic increase from 60 million online shoppers in the year 2016. E-commerce companies are aggressively implementing innovative methods of marketing their product offerings using tools like digital marketing, internet of things (IoT)and artificial intelligence to name a few. This paper focuses on outlining the innovative ways of marketing that the E-Commerce sector implements in orders to increase their customer base and aims at determining the future scope of this area. A conceptual comparative study of Amazon and Flipkart helps to determine which marketing strategies are more appealing and beneficial for both the customers and companies point of view.

scholarly journals Combined Method to Remove Endotoxins from Protein Nanocages for Drug Delivery Applications: The Case of Human Ferritin

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Filippo Silva ◽  
Leopoldo Sitia ◽  
Raffaele Allevi ◽  
Arianna Bonizzi ◽  
Marta Sevieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Affinity Purification ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Uniform Structure ◽  
Structure Stability ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Clinical Phase ◽  
Main Challenge

Protein nanocages represent an emerging candidate among nanoscaled delivery systems. Indeed, they display unique features that proved to be very interesting from the nanotechnological point of view such as uniform structure, stability in biological fluids, suitability for surface modification to insert targeting moieties and loading with different drugs and dyes. However, one of the main concerns regards the production as recombinant proteins in E. coli, which leads to a product with high endotoxin contamination, resulting in nanocage immunogenicity and pyrogenicity. Indeed, a main challenge in the development of protein-based nanoparticles is finding effective procedures to remove endotoxins without affecting protein stability, since every intravenous injectable formulation that should be assessed in preclinical and clinical phase studies should display endotoxins concentration below the admitted limit of 5 EU/kg. Different strategies could be employed to achieve such a result, either by using affinity chromatography or detergents. However, these strategies are not applicable to protein nanocages as such and require implementations. Here we propose a combined protocol to remove bacterial endotoxins from nanocages of human H-ferritin, which is one of the most studied and most promising protein-based drug delivery systems. This protocol couples the affinity purification with the Endotrap HD resin to a treatment with Triton X-114. Exploiting this protocol, we were able to obtain excellent levels of purity maintaining good protein recovery rates, without affecting nanocage interactions with target cells. Indeed, binding assay and confocal microscopy experiments confirm that purified H-ferritin retains its capability to specifically recognize cancer cells. This procedure allowed to obtain injectable formulations, which is preliminary to move to a clinical trial.

scholarly journals Multifunctional Cantilevers as Working Elements in Solid-State Cooling Devices

Actuators ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Andraž Bradeško ◽  
Lovro Fulanović ◽  
Marko Vrabelj ◽  
Aleksander Matavž ◽  
Mojca Otoničar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Contact Resistance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Contact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Cooling Devices ◽  
Cascade Structure ◽  
Lead Magnesium

Despite the challenges of practical implementation, electrocaloric (EC) cooling remains a promising technology because of its good scalability and high efficiency. Here, we investigate the feasibility of an EC cooling device that couples the EC and electromechanical (EM) responses of a highly functionally, efficient, lead magnesium niobate ceramic material. We fabricated multifunctional cantilevers from this material and characterized their electrical, EM and EC properties. Two active cantilevers were stacked in a cascade structure, forming a proof-of-concept device, which was then analyzed in detail. The cooling effect was lower than the EC effect of the material itself, mainly due to the poor solid-to-solid heat transfer. However, we show that the use of ethylene glycol in the thermal contact area can significantly reduce the contact resistance, thereby improving the heat transfer. Although this solution is most likely impractical from the design point of view, the results clearly show that in this and similar cooling devices, a non-destructive, surface-modification method, with the same effectiveness as that of ethylene glycol, will have to be developed to reduce the thermal contact resistance. We hope this study will motivate the further development of multifunctional cooling devices.

scholarly journals Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Radiology: The Submission of a Survey to Investigate the Opinion of Insiders

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Daniele Giansanti ◽  
Ivano Rossi ◽  
Lisa Monoscalco
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Point ◽  
Thoracic Radiography ◽  
Digital Radiology ◽  
Electronic Survey ◽  
Radiology Technicians ◽  
Medical Radiology ◽  
Great Development

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) during the COVID-19 pandemic is there for all to see, and has undoubtedly mainly concerned the activities of digital radiology. Nevertheless, the strong perception in the research and clinical application environment is that AI in radiology is like a hammer in search of a nail. Notable developments and opportunities do not seem to be combined, now, in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a stable, effective, and concrete use in clinical routine; the use of AI often seems limited to use in research applications. This study considers the future perceived integration of AI with digital radiology after the COVID-19 pandemic and proposes a methodology that, by means of a wide interaction of the involved actors, allows a positioning exercise for acceptance evaluation using a general purpose electronic survey. The methodology was tested on a first category of professionals, the medical radiology technicians (MRT), and allowed to (i) collect their impressions on the issue in a structured way, and (ii) collect their suggestions and their comments in order to create a specific tool for this professional figure to be used in scientific societies. This study is useful for the stakeholders in the field, and yielded several noteworthy observations, among them (iii) the perception of great development in thoracic radiography and CT, but a loss of opportunity in integration with non-radiological technologies; (iv) the belief that it is appropriate to invest in training and infrastructure dedicated to AI; and (v) the widespread idea that AI can become a strong complementary tool to human activity. From a general point of view, the study is a clear invitation to face the last yard of AI in digital radiology, a last yard that depends a lot on the opinion and the ability to accept these technologies by the operators of digital radiology.

scholarly journals Human-Centered AI to Support an Adaptive Management of Human-Machine Transitions with Vehicle Automation

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Thierry Bellet ◽  
Aurélie Banet ◽  
Marie Petiot ◽  
Bertrand Richard ◽  
Joshua Quick
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Adaptive Management ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
End Users ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Centered Design ◽  
Perceived Utility ◽  
New Type ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Vehicle Automation

This article is about the Human-Centered Design (HCD), development and evaluation of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithm aiming to support an adaptive management of Human-Machine Transition (HMT) between car drivers and vehicle automation. The general principle of this algorithm is to monitor (1) the drivers’ behaviors and (2) the situational criticality to manage in real time the Human-Machine Interactions (HMI). This Human-Centered AI (HCAI) approach was designed from real drivers’ needs, difficulties and errors observed at the wheel of an instrumented car. Then, the HCAI algorithm was integrated into demonstrators of Advanced Driving Aid Systems (ADAS) implemented on a driving simulator (dedicated to highway driving or to urban intersection crossing). Finally, user tests were carried out to support their evaluation from the end-users point of view. Thirty participants were invited to practically experience these ADAS supported by the HCAI algorithm. To increase the scope of this evaluation, driving simulator experiments were implemented among three groups of 10 participants, corresponding to three highly contrasted profiles of end-users, having respectively a positive, neutral or reluctant attitude towards vehicle automation. After having introduced the research context and presented the HCAI algorithm designed to contextually manage HMT with vehicle automation, the main results collected among these three profiles of future potential end users are presented. In brief, main findings confirm the efficiency and the effectiveness of the HCAI algorithm, its benefits regarding drivers’ satisfaction, and the high levels of acceptance, perceived utility, usability and attractiveness of this new type of “adaptive vehicle automation”.

scholarly journals Energy Storage in crystalline Materials based on multivalent Ions

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C365-C365
Author(s):  
Tina Nestler ◽  
William Förster ◽  
Stefan Braun ◽  
Wolfram Münchgesang ◽  
Falk Meutzner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Energy ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Ion Diffusion ◽  
Crystalline Materials ◽  
Multivalent Ions ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Energy Conversion And Storage ◽  
Solid State Batteries

Energy conversion and storage has become the main challenge to satisfy the growing demand for renewable energy solutions as well as mobile applications. Nowadays, several technologies exist for the conversion of electric energy into e. g. heat, light and motion or vice versa. Among a large variety of storage concepts, the conversion of electrical in chemical energy is of great relevance in particular for location-independent use. Main factors that still limit the use of electrochemical cells are the volumetric and gravimetric energy density, cyclability as well as safety. The concept for a new thin-film rechargeable battery that possibly improves these properties is presented. In contrast to the widespread lithium-ion technology, the discussed battery is based on the redox reaction of multivalent Al-ions and their migration through solid electrolytes. The ion conduction and insertion processes in the crystalline materials of the suggested cell are discussed under a crystallographic point of view to identify suitable electrode and separator materials. A multilayer-stack of all-solid-state batteries is synthesized by pulsed laser deposition and investigated in situ, i. e. during charge and discharge, by X-ray reflection and diffraction methods. The correlation between crystal structure, morphology and electrical performance is investigated in order to characterize the ion diffusion and insertion process.

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