scholarly journals DETERMINANTS OF THE DEMAND FOR IMPORT OF BANGLADESH: A COINTEGRATION AND VECTOR ERROR CORRECTION ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Maila Lama
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Import Demand ◽  
Foreign Exchange Reserves ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

This paper examines the determinants of import demand of Bangladesh by using the time series data for the period 1990-91 to 2015-16. The study found that both export and import of the country has increased significantly after the liberalization of its economy in early 1990s. But its import has always been higher than export resulting in widening of its trade deficit. Its export destinations are located in distant countries; USA, Germany and UK while its imports sources are neighbouring countries like China and India. Johansen’s cointegration method and vector error correction model was applied to estimate the determinants of its import demand. The results showed that there was a long-run relationship between real import, real GDP and Foreign exchange reserves. In the long-run, import was found to be more elastic to real GDP and inelastic with respect to foreign exchange reserves. The VEC model indicated that any deviation in import in the short-run would get corrected within a period of less than one year. The import was more elastic to real income in the short-run than in the long-run. The evidences showed that the volume of import would increase faster with increase in real GDP and would deteriorate the country’s trade balance unless accompanied by high export growth. Hence, there is a need to invest in establishing import substitute industries to control imports and promote exports to reduce trade deficit. KEYWORDS: Import, trade policy, real GDP, foreign exchange reserve, cointegration

Dynamic Relationship between Stock Prices and Exchange Rates in Emerging Markets

2015 ◽  
pp. 166-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veli Akel ◽  
SerkanYılmaz Kandır ◽  
Özge Selvi Yavuz
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Causality Tests

All the emerging markets are vulnerable to the fears of capital outflows after the US Federal Reserve's tapering on May 22, 2013. The term “Fragile Five” was introduced by a research note of Morgan Stanley to refer to the countries of Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Turkey. The aim of this study is to examine whether there are stock and foreign exchange markets integration among Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Turkey. The authors employ cointegration-based tests, vector error correction modeling techniques, and Granger causality tests to examine the long-run and short-run linkages between stock prices and exchange rates. The results of cointegration tests suggest that there is one long-run stationary relationship between the stock indices and the foreign exchange rates. Four of the Fragile Five (excluding Brazil) show that the stock prices are positively associated with exchange rates. Finally, vector error correction estimates lead to miscellaneous results.

scholarly journals Do Diaspora Remittances Guarantee Food Security in Nigeria?

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-53
Author(s):  
Onime, Bright Enakhe ◽  
E. Kalu, Ijeoma
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Correction Term ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Security Challenge

The burgeoning remittances into Nigeria and their effect on the economy have received renewed attention in recent times. Literature has suggested the existence of a relationship between remittances and food security. The extent to which this is true for Nigeria is uncertain. Using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), this study examined the link between remittances and food security using secondary data for the period 1980 to 2018. Findings revealed a robust long and short-run relationship between remittances and food security. In the short-run, a positive and significant relationship was found between remittances and food security in the current period such that a 1 per cent increase in remittances was associated with a 5.08 per cent improvement in food security. In the long-run, a cointegrated relationship was observed as the error correction term depicting this relationship was well-behaved, properly signed and significant indicating that any previous period deviation in long-run equilibrium is corrected in the current period at an adjustment speed of 28.8 per cent. In addition, the Granger test suggests a unidirectional causality running from remittances to food security such that past values of remittances determined food security during the period investigated. Consequent to the findings, the study recommended with a caveat, the design and proper implementation of a diaspora and remittances policy to cater for the welfare of Nigerians in the diaspora to improve remittance receipts and by implication, food security. However, since remittances alone cannot guarantee food security in Nigeria, this study further recommends a holistic and multidimensional approach to address the food security challenge and close the food deficit gap.

scholarly journals REVISITING KEYNES’ INVESTMENT AND SAVING MODEL IN INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol XVIII (2) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Granger Causality Test ◽  
Vector Error Correction Model ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

This study aims to analyze the Keynes’ investment and saving model in Indonesia from 1981 to 2018. The researchers use the econometric test from the Granger causality test to find the short-run causal relationship and the Vector Error Correction Model to reveal both the short-run and long-run effects in the model. The result of Granger causality test demonstrates that there is no short-run causal relationship between these two variables. In the short-run, the increase in saving affects the consumption loans more compared to the investment loans. Besides, increased consumption compared to saving has more influence in raising investment. However, the Vector Error Correction Model proves that saving negatively affects investment in the long-run. This model empirically supports the long-run Keynes’ investment and saving model. Consequently, the Indonesian government needs to consider saving as a policy instrument to increase investment in the longrun.

Measuring Monetary Policy in Germany: A Structural Vector Error Correction Approach

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imke Brüggemann
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Structural Break ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Monetary Policy Shock ◽  
German Data ◽  
Structural Vector

Abstract A structural vector error correction (SVEC) model is used to investigate several monetary policy issues. While being data-oriented the SVEC framework allows structural modeling of the short-run and long-run properties of the data. The statistical model is estimated with monthly German data for 1975-98 where a structural break is detected in 1984. After splitting the sample, three stable long-run relations are found in each subsample which can be interpreted in terms of a moneydemand equation, a policy rule and a relation for real output, respectively. Since the cointegration restrictions imply a particular shape of the long-run covariance matrix this information can be used to distinguish between permanent and transitory innovations in the estimated system. Additional restrictions are introduced to identify a monetary policy shock.

scholarly journals Does Financial Deepening Cause Liquidity Problems for Banks? Evidence from Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 242-257
Author(s):  
Kayode, Peter Akinyemi ◽  
Ajayi, David Adelagun ◽  
Awosusi, Charles Temitope
Keyword(s):  
Error Correction ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Financial Deepening ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

Attempt to facilitate economic growth makes the Central Banks to formulate monetary policies that seek to deepen the provision of financial resources to target sectors. Since Banks are the main channels through which monetary policies are executed, we attempted to examine whether financial deepening cause liquidity problem among Nigerian banks in this study. We employed time series analytical techniques to analyze selected financial deepening indicators and data for banking system liquidity between 1981 and 2019. The financial deepening variables used include of broad money to the gross domestic product (GDP) ratio; credit to private sector to the GDP ratio; ratio of commercial banks liabilities to the GDP; financial sector contribution to the GDP and ratio of market capitalization to the GDP. On the other hand, the liquidity of the banking system is proxy by its loan/deposit ratio for the period under study. We estimated the statistical properties of the variables examined and conducted some pre-estimation tests (stationarity and co-integration) to ascertain choice estimation techniques. We used a vector error correction mechanism to investigate long and short-run effects of financial deepening on Nigerian banking system liquidity. Both the long run vector autoregressive (VAR) and the short run and vector error correction (VEC) models results showed that there is a positive but statistically insignificant relationship between banking system liquidity and financial deepening variables. In addition, the results of the Granger causality between the dependent and independent variables revealed that there exists no causal relationship between the liquidity of the banking system and financial deepening. These findings imply that financial deepening did not impair banks’ liquidity position in Nigeria during the years under review. The study concluded that financial deepening does not cause liquidity problem for banks in Nigeria; rather, if well managed, can have positive effect on it. In the light of this, the study recommends that banks should re-strategize in the implementation of financial deepening policies that are liquidity friendly and that the Central Bank of Nigeria, should formulate policies that will not only focus on credit and loan beneficiaries, but also on the banks.

scholarly journals Price Dynamics of Domestic and International Wheat Markets: A Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM) Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
A. G. Sabhaya ◽  
S. M. Upadhyay ◽  
P. R. Vekariya ◽  
B. Swaminathan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Integration Approach ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Error Correction Mechanism ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Short Run

Market integration in agricultural commodities is vital for both developed and developing countries alike. If prices are not dreamily transmitted, then it may lead to biases in production and distribution. The strength of interdependence among markets and the speed in which the changes are passed through determine the degree of integration and the global efficiency of markets. This study examines the long-run and short-run integration of domestic and international wheat markets using Co-integration approach within the framework of Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM). A sample of two domestic wheat markets comprising two from the national wheat markets of Mathura (UP) and Khanna (Punjab) were selected along with two international wheat markets comprising from United States and Argentina. Analysis was carried out using the monthly price data between January 2003 and Dec 2019. Findings discovered that the prices became stationary merely upon first differencing. The presence of integration was confirmed among markets involving that there is price conduction.

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