scholarly journals IMPACT OF ECONOMIC REFORMS AND GROWTH IN INDIA ON RURAL EMPLOYMENT-AN ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Dr. K. Somasekhar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Rural Employment ◽  
Spatial Composition ◽  
The Impact

Growth of an economy trickles down to the lowest level entity which may be considered as village. Growth is not an end in itself but the means to an end. Economic growth leads to several changes in rural areas. It should result in lower incidence of poverty, improvements in health outcomes, universal access to school education, increased access to higher education, better opportunities for both wage employment, livelihoods and improvements in provision of basic amenities and improving the socio-economic conditions of marginalized groups. Economic growth is the increase in the real output of the country in a particular span of time. The spatial composition f growth reflected in terms of a rural development disparity motivates people to shift to areas with better prospects. As total poverty is a weighted average of rural specific poverty ratios, the net effect of population mobility on poverty depends on the changes in its rural components. Alleviation of poverty in rural areas has been the main agenda since Independence. In all Five-Year Plans particularly during Fifth-Five Year Plan period importance had been given to reduction in poverty, provision of other basic needs and equitable development. Notable achievement took place during the post-reform period and has done well in economic growth. However, still has been rural areas have been facing problems like poverty, low agricultural growth, low quality employment growth. This paper focuses on the impact of reforms and growth on rural employment. KEYWORDS: Economic Growth, Economic Reforms, Poverty, Employmnt, Equitable Development.

scholarly journals Dynamic Measurement and Structural Decomposition of Deep Poverty in Contiguous Destitute Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Da-Yang Zhang ◽  
Rui-Feng Peng ◽  
Jin-Biao Zheng ◽  
You-Qun Wu ◽  
Xiao-Yi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Rural Governance ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
Process Of Urbanization ◽  
Countermeasures And Suggestions ◽  
The Impact

Based on the sample data from 2005 to 2019, this paper calculates the poverty nature of contiguous destitute areas through FGT index and its decomposition and systematically analyzes the impact of economic growth, inequality, and population change on poverty change. From the decomposition results of poverty change, we can see that, first, economic growth, inequality, and population change have different impacts on poverty change in counties and rural areas, and inequality and population mobility have widened the gap between them; second, population factor has always played a key role in the change of poverty, and the deceleration of population growth has a more significant impact on poverty change; third, the impact of the mobility on the poverty change of the counties is different from that of the rural areas. Accordingly, the paper puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions, such as promoting the organic connection between rural revitalization and poverty alleviation, speeding up rural governance, and promoting the process of urbanization.

scholarly journals Sustainable Tourism, Economic Growth and Employment—The Case of the Wine Routes of Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7164
Author(s):  
Guillermo Vázquez Vicente ◽  
Victor Martín Barroso ◽  
Francisco José Blanco Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Wine Tourism ◽  
Development Tool ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Tourism has become a priority in national and regional development policies and is considered a source of economic growth, particularly in rural areas. Nowadays, wine tourism is an important form of tourism and has become a local development tool for rural areas. Regional tourism development studies based on wine tourism have a long history in several countries such as the US and Australia, but are more recent in Europe. Although Spain is a leading country in the tourism industry, with an enormous wine-growing tradition, the literature examining the economic impact of wine tourism in Spanish economy is scarce. In an attempt to fill this gap, the main objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of wine tourism on economic growth and employment in Spain. More specifically, by applying panel data techniques, we study the economic impact of tourism in nine Spanish wine routes in the period from 2008 to 2018. Our results suggest that tourism in these wine routes had a positive effect on economic growth. However, we do not find clear evidence of a positive effect on employment generation.

Cuba's “Equity without Growth” Dilemma and the 2011 Lineamientos

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (03) ◽  
pp. 157-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Corrales
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Bicycle Industry ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Two Sectors

Abstract Cuba faces a development dilemma: it promotes equity and human capital while failing to deliver economic growth. For the government, the country's equity and human capital achievements are a source of pride, a sign that its priorities are right. This essay argues instead that this “equity without growth” dilemma is a sign of malaise. Theory and evidence suggest that high levels of equity and human capital should produce high levels of economic growth. Because growth is often weak or negative, some onerous barriers to development must be present. These barriers, it is argued, are restrictions on property and political rights. By comparing Cuba and China across two sectors, the bicycle industry and Internet access, this article shows how these restrictions have hindered growth. It also assesses how Cuba's latest economic reforms, the so-called Lineamientos, will address Cuba's development dilemma. The impact may be minimal, but perhaps more lasting than previous reforms.

scholarly journals Household Level Impact Assessment of MGNREGA Scheme

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-549
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Rural Employment ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
The Government ◽  
Employment Guarantee ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Impact

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (MGNREGA) has been notified by the Government of India on 7th September 2005 with the primary objective of enhancing the livelihood security of the unskilled labors in the rural areas of the country by providing guaranteed wage employment to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The MGNREGA, which is one of the flagship projects of the government, promises 100 days of work per year to the unemployed at a CPI inflation-indexed wage rate. As there is an increase in the disposable income on account of the implementation of the scheme, it is expected that the standard of living and the expenditure pattern of the household covered under the MGNREGA scheme would undergo a tremendous change. As most of the expenditure of the rural households covered under the scheme is supposed to be drastically changed, it is felt that there is a need to study the impact of the scheme on these households. This paper is an extract from a Ph. D Thesis titled Household and Village Level Impact of MGNREGS on Governance at the Grassroots: An Assessment of Gram Panchayats in Tamil Nadu. Submitted to the Gandhigram Rural Institute – Deemed to be University

scholarly journals Critical Exploration of Indian Economic Reforms of 1991: a lesson for Developing Economies

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5S3) ◽  
pp. 490-500 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
International Pressure ◽  
Critical Exploration ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of reforms that took place in Indian economy in 1991. Balance of payment difficulty resulted in acute economic crisis and therefore economic reforms were inevitable. Post this incident; there have been three more phases of economic reforms. Economic reforms were compelled due to international pressure of the situation post balance of payment crisis of 1991. The significance of this study lies in the derivation of various ways in which these reforms played a major role in the transformation of Indian economy in the form of its impact on poverty, education, socio-cultural mixture, economic growth etc. We have tried to revisit situation of payments crisis and tried to understand if these reforms were enough and were they concrete measures to tackle long-term problem or if they were only sufficient to handle the crisis. Finally we have tried to find out, as to what was left out of reforms or what other measures could have been taken. Balance of payment difficulties are difficulties faced by most of the underdeveloped or developing countries

scholarly journals Growing discoordination between monetary and fiscal policies in Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana Mishchenko ◽  
Svitlana Naumenkova ◽  
Volodymyr Mishchenko ◽  
Viktor Ivanov ◽  
Roman Lysenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
Monetary And Fiscal Policy ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
The Impact

The slowdown in economic development caused by the reduction in the efficiency of the functioning of state institutions determined the focus of the governments of most countries of the world on achieving sustainable economic growth, as well as ensuring macroeconomic and macrofinancial stability. A major issue that is dealt with is the weakening of the interaction of monetary and fiscal policies in Ukraine. It can be assumed that one of the reasons hindering economic growth is growing discoordination between monetary and fiscal policies. The purpose of this study is to assess the nature of monetary and fiscal policies in Ukraine in 2000–2017 and justify the need for coordination between them to stimulate economic growth. For the quantitative assessment of the influence of monetary and fiscal factors on GDP, the models of autoregression with distributed lags – ARDL are used. The analysis makes it possible to distinguish and characterize three stages of combining the rigid and stimulating monetary and fiscal policy in Ukraine in 2000–2017. The article examines the influence of the dynamics of the monetary aggregate M3, the inflation rate and the weighted average base interest rate on the growth rates of real GDP in Ukraine, the impact of using the “monetary clamp” effect on the increase in the NBU’s interest rate, and the direct effect of monetary factors on the fiscal policy. The authors conclude that the inconsistency of monetary and fiscal policies is one of the reasons for the high volatility of macroeconomic indicators. The article substantiates the conclusion that it is necessary to overcome the increasing antagonism between monetary and fiscal policies in Ukraine and to strengthen their coordination.

scholarly journals Vitalizing Rural Communities: China’s Rural Entrepreneurial Activities from Perspective of Mixed Embeddedness

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1609
Author(s):  
Huasheng Zhu ◽  
Yawei Chen ◽  
Kebi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Rural Economies ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
The Impact

Rural entrepreneurial activities play an important role in the development of rural economies and the vitality of rural areas, and they can also contribute to an increase in the employment opportunities of farmers and environmental sustainability during China’s transitional period. As a local organization, the community connects individuals, collective agencies, local authorities, and the market in reforming rural economies in China. Based on the concepts of mixed embeddedness and on the database of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this paper uses a binary logistic regression (BLR) model to analyze the impact of social, institutional, and economic environments of rural communities on entrepreneurship. The finding shows that informal, entrepreneurship-oriented institutions in rural communities have more significantly positive impact on farmer entrepreneurship than formal institutions, as well as economic and social environments. Furthermore, compared with kinship, neighborhood relationships and weak ties based on the population mobility in rural communities are more important for farmer entrepreneurship. Additionally, rural communities are the production places and markets, and their economic levels are positively related to entrepreneurship. Last but not least, compared with urban communities, rural communities play a much more prominent role in local entrepreneurship.

Trade Agreement as a Model of Development: The Case of the Japan-Philippine Economic Partnership Agreement (JPEPA)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Al Faithrich Navarrete ◽  
Virgilio Tatlonghari
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Modified Gravity ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Quarterly Data ◽  
Economic Partnership Agreement ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Partnership Agreement ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement (JPEPA) includes comprehensive provisions that aims to foster economic growth. The provision on Tariff Elimination is expected to increase trade between the two countries. A modified Gravity Model was used in order to estimate the impact of Tariff Elimination to Exports of the Philippines to Japan using the weighted average of tariffs imposed by Japan to Philippine Exports. While a Two-Stage Least Squares (TSLS) was utilized to estimate its impact to Economic Development. Using quarterly data from 2001 to 2013, results shows that although the agreement is able to statistically increase exports of the Philippines to Japan, it may not be enough to induce significant Economic Growth to the Philippines.

Egyptian reforms post-2005 and the politics of succession: implications and consequences for the future Egyptian reform process

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Zahid
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
The Political ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
The Future ◽  
Political Succession ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Egyptian Government ◽  
The Impact

Egyptian economic reforms have been an on-going process since the Egyptian government adopted liberal market reforms in 1991 (Kienle 2001, 2004), influenced by a number of internal socio-economic factors, including growing levels of poverty, heightened inflation, high levels of corruption and rising levels of unemployment, in particular among new university graduates. These factors were exerting heavy pressure on a highly bureaucratic and inefficient state (Bayat 1997). However, the ensuing economic reforms resulted in tightened fiscal and monetary polices, and a subsequent increased and heightened socio-economic crisis in Egypt, which the Egyptian government attempted to control by imposing increasingly authoritarian measures, with political de-liberalization evident in both urban and rural areas (Kienle 2001). This led, at the turn of the millennium, to a period of failed economic reforms and increased levels of authoritarianism, which coincided with the political rise of the president's son, Gamal Mubarak, whose economic and business credentials have led to optimism concerning the possibility of future reform and change in Egypt. This paper examines the electoral promises made by Hosni Mubarak in the 2005 presidential elections and the ensuing economic and political implications for the political succession in Egypt, leading to conclusions about the future processes of economic and political reform in Egypt and the impact upon them of the political succession

scholarly journals Structural adjustment and deforestation in Nicaragua

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOLVEIG GLOMSRØD ◽  
MARIA DOLORES MONGE ◽  
HAAKON VENNEMO
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Food Level ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
Income Opportunity ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigates the impact of structural adjustment policies on deforestation taking place when the agricultural frontier advances into forest reserves in Nicaragua. A computable general equilibrium model incorporating deforestation by squatters is used for policy simulations. The opportunity cost of migrating to the frontier does not simply depend on wage income opportunity, but also on market prices of basic grain which determine the capacity to consume beyond subsistence food-level given a certain real wage. Reducing public expenditures both conserves forests and enhances economic growth, while showing positive distributional effects. On the other hand, a strong conservation trend following a sales tax increase is driven by increasing poverty in rural areas. Noticeably, there are policies which initially intensify deforestation, but turn out to ease the pressure on forests over time. Rapid economic growth does not ensure less pressure on forest reserves.

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