HUBUNGAN SEBARAN CLEAT DENGAN NILAI PROXIMATE BATUBARA PADA PERTAMBANGAN BATUBARA PT. BUKIT ASAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Adbel Yuki Edwar ◽  
Eddy Ibrahim ◽  
Sri Haryati
Keyword(s):  
Foreland Basin ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Deep Basin

Pertambangan batubara merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak jenis pertambangan di Indonesia. Secara geologi, keterbentukan batubara di Indonesia sendiri dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga cekungan, yaitu intramontana, cekungan daratan-muka (foreland basin, back deep basin), dan cekungan delta. Batubara yang terendapkan memberikan kenampakan geologi. Salah satu kenampakan tersebut adalah cleat pada batubara. Cleat pada batubara merupakan rengkahan yang ada pada batubara. Terdapat dua jenis cleat pada batubara, yaitu face cleat dan butt cleat, namun pada penelitian ini akan lebih memfokuskan penelitian pada face cleat. Penelitian terdahulu mengenai cleat pada umumnya lebih mengarah pada pengaruhnya terhadap keterbentukan CBM, namun belum ada yang membahas mengenai hubungan keterdapatan cleat terhadap nilai proximate batubara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh dari persebaran cleat batubara terhadap nilai dari proximate batubara. Nilai proximate yang diperoleh akan dibandingkan dengan nilai dari cleat yang diteliti. Nilai cleat yang diteliti adalah banyak cleat yang terbentuk, densitas cleat, serta arah persebaran cleat. Pengumpulan data cleat tersebut dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode windows sampling, sedangkan metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif, yaitu pengumpulan data berbentuk angka. Sampel yang diuji berasal dari wilayah penambangan bukit asam, diantaranya TSBC, suban timur, dan bangko barat. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara nilai fixed carbon dari batubara dengan total arah sebaran dari cleat, sedangkan untuk banyaknya cleat yang terbentuk pada permukaan batubara, cendrung searah dengan pergerakan dari total moisture, volatile meter, dan ash content.      

scholarly journals Assessment of Pellets from Three Forest Species: From Raw Material to End Use

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Miguel Alfonso Quiñones-Reveles ◽  
Víctor Manuel Ruiz-García ◽  
Sarai Ramos-Vargas ◽  
Benedicto Vargas-Larreta ◽  
Omar Masera-Cerutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
End Use ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the relationship between chemical properties, energy efficiency, and emissions of wood and pellets from madroño Arbutus xalapensis Kunth, tázcate Juniperus deppeana Steud, and encino colorado Quercus sideroxyla Humb. & Bonpl. in two gasifiers (top-lit-up-draft (T-LUD) and electricity generation wood camp stove (EGWCS)) in order to determine the reduction of footprint carbon. In accordance with conventional methodologies, we determined the extracts and chemical components (lignin, cellulose, holocellulose), and the immediate analyses were carried out (volatile materials, fixed carbon, ash content and microanalysis of said ash), as well as the evaluation of emission factors (total suspended particulate matter (PM2.5), CO, CO2, CH4, black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC)). The results were statistically analyzed to compare each variable among species and gasifiers. The raw material analyzed showed how the pH ranged from 5.01 to 5.57, and the ash content ranged between 0.39 and 0.53%. The content values of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca ranged from 0.08 to 0.22, 0.18 to 0.19, 0.38 to 0.84, 1.75 to 1.90, and 3.62 to 3.74 mg kg−1, respectively. The extractive ranges from cyclohexane were 2.48–4.79%, acetone 2.42–4.08%, methanol 3.17–7.99%, and hot water 2.12–4.83%. The range of lignin was 18.08–28.60%. The cellulose content ranged from 43.30 to 53.90%, and holocellulose from 53.50 to 64.02%. The volatile material range was 81.2–87.42%, while fixed carbon was 11.30–17.48%; the higher heating value (HHV) of raw material and pellets presented the ranges 17.68–20.21 and 19.72–21.81 MJ kg−1, respectively. Thermal efficiency showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between pellets and gasifiers, with an average of 31% Tier 3 in ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for the T-LUD and 14% (ISO Tier 1) for EGWCS, with Arbutus xalapensis being the species with the highest energy yield. The use of improved combustion devices, as well as that of selected raw material species, can reduce the impact of global warming by up to 33% on a cooking task compared to the three-stone burner.

Evaluation of the higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content of ground bamboo using near infrared spectroscopy

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 301-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jetsada Posom ◽  
Panmanas Sirisomboon
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Heating Value

This research aimed to determine the higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content of ground bamboo using Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy as an alternative to bomb calorimetry and thermogravimetry. Bamboo culms used in this study had circumferences ranging from 16 to 40 cm. Model development was performed using partial least squares regression. The higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content were predicted with coefficients of determination (r2) of 0.92, 0.82, 0.85 and 0.51; root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 122 J g−1, 1.15%, 1.00% and 0.77%; ratio of the standard deviation to standard error of validation (RPD) of 3.66, 2.55, 2.62 and 1.44; and bias of 14.4 J g−1, −0.43%, 0.03% and −0.11%, respectively. This report shows that near infrared spectroscopy is quite successful in predicting the higher heating value, and is usable with screening for the determination of fixed carbon and volatile matter. For ash content, the method is not recommended. The models should be able to predict the properties of bamboo samples which are suitable for achieving higher efficiency for the biomass conversion process.

scholarly journals Valorization of briquettes fuel using Pinus spp. sawdust from five regions of Mexico

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 2249-2263
Author(s):  
María Alejandra Ramírez-Ramírez ◽  
Artemio Carrillo-Parra ◽  
Faustino Ruíz-Aquino ◽  
Luis Fernando Pintor-Ibarra ◽  
Nicolás González-Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Volumetric Expansion ◽  
Pinus Spp ◽  
The Impact

This research characterized briquettes made with Pinus spp. sawdust without the use of additives. For this purpose, 19 samples of sawdust from different wood industries located in five states of the Mexican Republic were used. The densification process was carried out in a vertical hydraulic piston laboratory briquette machine. The briquettes were made with 40 g of sawdust, at 50 °C, 20 kPa and pressing for 5 min. The results obtained varied as follows: moisture content (4.1% to 7.2%), density (813.9 to 1,014.4 kg/m3), volumetric expansion (7.4% to 37.3%), compressive strength (4.9 to 40.8 N/mm), impact resistance index (46.7% to 200%), ash (0.1% to 1.1%), volatile matter (82.9% to 90.7%), fixed carbon (8.9% to 16.4%), and calorific value (20.5 to 22.8 MJ/kg). The density of the briquettes was within the “acceptable” classification (800 to 1,200 kg/m3). It was observed that, the higher the density, the lower the volumetric expansion, the higher the compressive strength, and the higher the impact resistance index. According to the ash content, the briquettes could achieve international quality. Due to high volatile matter values, rapid combustion of the briquettes with little generation of toxic smoke would be expected. Fixed carbon and calorific value results were acceptable.

scholarly journals AVALIAÇÃO DE TRÊS MADEIRAS NATIVAS DO CERRADO GOIANO VISANDO À UTILIZAÇÃO ENERGÉTICA

Nativa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-624
Author(s):  
Humberto Fauller De Siqueira ◽  
Evelym Poliana Santos Patrício ◽  
Michael Douglas Roque Lima ◽  
José Benedito Guimarães Junior ◽  
Angélica de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Muffle Furnace ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Wood Basic Density ◽  
Longitudinal Position

Estudos que visem ampliar o conhecimento das madeiras oriundas do cerrado podem contribuir com o correto manejo das espécies. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da madeira e do carvão vegetal de três espécies do cerrado (Tachigali vulgaris, Myracrodruon urundeuva e Amburana cearensis) para fins energéticos. Foram amostradas duas árvores por espécie e, destas, foram retirados discos da base, a 25, 50, 75 e 100% da altura total. Para a madeira, determinou-se longitudinalmente a densidade básica, composição química, estoque de carbono, poderes caloríficos superior (PCS) e inferior (PCI) e densidade energética. As carbonizações da madeira foram realizadas em forno elétrico, com temperatura final de 450 ºC e taxa de aquecimento de 1,67 ºC.min-1. A posição longitudinal de amostragem não influenciou a densidade da madeira. A madeira de M. urundeuva apresentou maior densidade básica e PCS, bem como menor teor de materiais voláteis. O carvão da espécie T. vulgaris apresentou a menor densidade aparente (298 kg.m-3) e baixo teor de cinzas (1,14%), porém elevado teor de carbono fixo e PCS. O carvão vegetal da espécie M. urundeuva se destacou com elevada densidade relativa aparente (475 kg.m-3). A ordem das melhores espécies é: M. urundeuva, A. cearensis e T. vulgaris. Palavras-chave: energia renovável; espécies nativas; potencial energético; qualidade do carvão.   ASSESSMENT OF THREE NATIVE WOODS FROM CERRADO OF GOIÁS FOR THE ENERGY PURPOSES   ABSTRACT: Studies aimed at expanding the knowledge of woods from cerrado can contribute to the correct management of the species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of wood and charcoal of three species from cerrado (Tachigali vulgaris, Myracrodruon urundeuva, and Amburana cearensis) for energy purposes. Two trees per species were sampled and, from these, disks were removed from the base, at 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the total height. For wood, the properties basic density, chemical analysis, carbon stock, higher (HHV) and lower (LHV) heating values were determined longitudinally. Carbonizations were carried out in a muffle furnace with a final temperature of 450 ºC and heating rate of 1.67 ºC.min-1. There was no effect of longitudinal position under the wood basic density. Myracrodruon urundeuva wood had the highest basic density and HHV, as well as the lowest content of volatile matters. The Tachigali vulgaris charcoal had the lowest bulk density (298 kg.m-3) and low ash content (1.14%), but a high content of fixed carbon and HHV. Charcoal of the species M. urundeuva stood out with high apparent relative density (475 kg.m-3). The order of the best species is M. urundeuva, A. cearensis, and T. vulgaris. Keywords: renewable energy; native species; energy potential; charcoal quality.

ANALISIS KUALITAS PEMBAKARAN BRIKET BATUBARA DENGAN METODE KARBONISASI BERDASARKAN PARAMETER KUALITAS BRIKET, UKURAN PARTIKEL DAN KOMPOSISI

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Didi Kasi Setiawan ◽  
Agus Triantoro ◽  
Annisa Annisa
Keyword(s):  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
American Society

Briket batubara merupakan bahan bakar padat yang mempunyai kelayakan teknis dan ketersedian batubara cukup banyak di Indonesia. Permasalahan yang sering di jumpai dalam penggunaan briket batubara sebagai bahan bakar energi adalah lamanya penyalaan, aroma yang tidak sedap pada saat dibakar, dan daya rekat briket yang tidak bagus sehingga briket mudah pecah. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut perlu mengetahui pengaruh komposisi dan ukuran partikel briket batubara terhadap kualitas pembakaran serta kualitas briket batubara. Dalam hal ini, diperlukan analisis laboratorium yang hasilnya dapat digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan tingkatan kualitas briket batubara.Metode analisis yang digunakan untuk kualitas briket yaitu American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) meliputi pengujian moisture, ash content, volatile matter, calorific value, fixed carbon dan karbonisasi untuk peningkatan kualitas, meliputi moisture, volatile matter serta calorific value. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses karbonisasi batubara dapat menurunkan kandungan kualitas batubara inherent moisture adb (17,1 % - 6,38%) dan meningkatkan nilai calorific value cal/g adb (5462 - 6261), waktu nyala api (0:23:14 – 0:47:06), waktu nyala bara (0:44:56 – 1:23:10) serta durasi pembakaran (1:08:10 – 2:10:16). Kata-kata kunci: Briket, Batubara, Karbonisasi, Kualitas Batubara.

Experimental Study on Low-Temperature Carbonization of Low Rank Coal

2013 ◽  
Vol 805-806 ◽  
pp. 1311-1316
Author(s):  
Li Qun Wang ◽  
Zhong Xiang Wei ◽  
Zhong Bo Yi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Holding Time ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Volatile Content ◽  
Low Rank Coal ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Dry Distillation ◽  
Increasing Trend

In this paper,a research was carried out on the regularities of carbonization temperature,holding time and mass on weightlessness of low rank coal. The experiment showed experiments in a certern range (450°C~700°C,<60min),weightlessness of coal in an increasing trend,the remained volatile content of semi-coke was measured reduce tending to value,ash content increased,fixed carbon gradually increased in the temperature range with the improvement of the carbonization temperature and holding time,also hydrogen and oxygen content of the char decreased,a significant increased in the carbon content,nitrogen and sulfur content was essentially the same. Reactivity of CO2 and semi-coke obtained in different carbonization conditions were better,the response rates are 100% when the temperature exceeded 1000°C. Best condition of dry distillation: carbonization temperature was 500°C~650°C,mass of low rank coal was less than 30g,holding time was between 30 minutes to 40 minutes.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SUHU DAN KONSENTRASI PEREKAT TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET BIOARANG BERBAHAN BAKU TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN PROSES PIROLISIS

Konversi ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Yuli Ristianingsih ◽  
Ayuning Ulfa ◽  
Rachmi Syafitri K.S
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Rate Of Combustion

Abstrak-Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit merupakan limbah padat hasil produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Setiap 1(satu) ton tandan buah segar dihasilkan 23% limbah padat. Limbah padat ini dapat di konversi menjadi bahan bakar pengganti minyak yaitu briket. Briket bioarang adalah bahan bakar padat yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bahan bakar yang berasal dari fosil seperti minyak dan gas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu pirolisis terhadap yield bioarang yang dihasilkan dan mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi perekat kanji (5% w/w, 10% w/w, 15% w/w) terhadap karakteristik briket hasil penelitian (kadar air, volatile matter, kadar abu, fixed carbon, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran). Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode pirolisis yaitu proses pembakaran bahan baku dalam reaktor pirolisis dengan menggunakan suhu yang tinggi dan tanpa atau dengan sedikit oksigen. Pirolisis dilakukan selama 2,5 jam dengan variasi suhu yaitu 350°C, 400°C, 450°C dan 500°C. Arang yang dihasilkan dicampur dengan perekat sesuai variasi dan dicetak menjadi briket. Briket kemudian dianalisa kadar air, kadar abu, kadar karbon, kadar zat terbang, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran. Briket dengan yield tertinggi terdapat pada suhu 350°C sebesar 51,53% dan yield terendah pada suhu 500°C sebesar 26,03%. Briket hasil penelitian ini telah memenuhi standar mutu briket sebagai bahan bakar dilihat dari nilai kalor. Komposisi optimal antara perekat kanji dan arang TKKS hasil pirolisis yaitu pada 5%:95% yang menghasilkan nilai kalor terbesar yaitu 6748,15kal/g.  Kata kunci : Briket Bioarang, Pirolisis, Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit                Abstract-Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches are solid waste from Crude Palm Oil (CPO industry). For 1 ton of fresh fruit bunches produced 23% of solid waste. This solid waste can be converted into alternative energy that called briquettes. Briquettes are solid fuel that can be used as an alternative fuel replacement for fossil fuels such as oil and gas. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the yield generated briquettes and the effect of stach adhesive concentration (5, 10 and 15% wt) to briquettes characteristics (moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, calorific value and the rate of combustion). In this reseacrh, two kilograms of palm oil empty fruit bunches was burned using pyrolisis reactor at different temperatur (350, 400, 450 and 5000C) for 2.5 hour. Charcoal produced was mixed with an adhesive in accordance variations and molded into briquettes. Briquettes then analyzed the water content, ash content, carbon content, volatile matter content, heating value and rate of combustion. The maximum yield of briquettes which was obtained in this research is 51.53% at temperature 3500C and the lowest yield at temperature of 500 ° C by 26.03%. Briquettes results of this study have met the quality standards of fuel briquettes as seen from the heating value. Optimal adhesive composition between starch and charcoal TKKS is 5%: 95% that generates highest calorific value about 6748.15kal/ g. Keywords: Briquette Bioarang, Pyrolysis, oil palm empty bunches

scholarly journals GROWTH AND ENERGY QUALITY OF EUCALYPTUS WOOD IN DIFFERENT CROP-LIVESTOCK-FOREST SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS

FLORESTA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 1707
Author(s):  
Helio Tonini ◽  
Marina Moura Morales ◽  
Flavio Jesus Wruck ◽  
Ronaldo Maran Deliberali
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Cropland Area ◽  
Eucalyptus Wood

The aim of the present study was to assess the growth and energetic properties of genetic material of eucalyptus grown in several integrated crop-livestock system spatial arrangements in Barra-do-Garças City (MT). The genetic material of 76-month old Eucalyptus spp from eight spatial arrangements were assessed according to the following properties: diameter, height and volume growth, mortality rate, dry matter yield, sapwood to heartwood ratio, form factor, bark volume, basic density, superior calorific value, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and trunk energy. Data analysis was performed by adjusting growth function, test for model identity and parameters equality and ANOVA tests to Scott-Knott’s mean clustering test. Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clones from recorded the highest energy efficiency due to their high yield volume, which was decisive to determine estimated energy available per tree and cropland area. Growth, stem shape and basic density varied among, and within, the same genetic materials, depending on their respective spatial arrangement. However, solid biomass properties (high calorific value, ash content, fixed carbon and volatile matter) remained stable.

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET DARI GAMBUT DAN AMPAS TEBU SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR MATERI ILMU KIMIA DAN PERANANNYA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Lisa Mariati ◽  
Yusbarina Yusbarina
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Mass Variation ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Alternative Source

AbstractHuman needs on fossil fuels is increasing, but the source is limited.  Thus, a renewable alternative source is needed.  One of them is Biomass.  Biomass fuel can be in the form of bio-briquette. Bio-briquette utilization as fuel is based on the carbon content contained in Biomass such as peat and bagasse.  This research aimed at knowing bio-briquette quality as fuel and learning source at senior high school.  Bio-briquette prepared with variation of peat and bagasse mass composition were 40: 0, 30: 10, 20: 20, 10: 30, 0: 40 (g: g).  Bio-briquette was made by using 20 g adhesive kanji.  Bio-briquette quality tested was done by testing the water content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, calorific value, and duration of flame.  Bio-briquette the best quality is the mass variation of G 10g: 30g AT with water content of 3.93%, ash content of 6.33%, volatile matter of 46.60%, fixed carbon of 43.14%, calorific  value of 5986 cal / g , duration of flame 210 minutes and the mass variation 0g G: 40g AT with water content of 2.33%, ash content of 3.83%, volatile matter of 49.47%, calorific value of 6198 cal / g, duration of flame 250 minutes. Preparing bio-briquette of peat and bagasse as learning source on chemistry material and its implementation was on the category of good (93.33%). Keywords: Bio-briquette, Peat, Bagasse, Quality test

scholarly journals "Biopellet" as One of Future Promising Biomassbased Renewable Energy: a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 317 ◽  
pp. 04029
Author(s):  
Yoyon Wahyono ◽  
Hadiyanto Hadiyanto ◽  
Wahyu Zuli Pratiwi ◽  
Inggar Dianratri
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Energy Reserves ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Heat Efficiency ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content ◽  
Energy Emissions

The depletion of fossil energy reserves and not environmentally friendly fossil energy emissions makes it necessary to use renewable energy as an alternative to replacing fossil energy. Biopellet is one of the renewable energy based on biomass that exists in Indonesia. Biopellets are produced from a base of abundant biomass. Thus, biopellets have the potential and promise to continue to be used as fuel by humans. The literature review includes the characteristics of biopellets and the application of biopellets as fuel. Biopellets can be made by mixing biomass with an adhesive with a concentration of 15% (w/w) then stirred until homogeneous and put into a pellet mill for printing. The pellets were dried in an oven for 30 minutes. Biopellet characteristically has complied with SNI 8021-2014 for parameters of ash content, fixed carbon content, caloric value, water content, and volatile matter content. The application of biopellet as a stove material also shows good performance for heat, efficiency, and emission parameters. In conclusion, biopellet is a renewable energy fuel based on biomass that has potential in the present and promising in the future.

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