scholarly journals Fungal pathogens associated with black foot of grapevine in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-319
Author(s):  
Qingtong YE ◽  
Wei ZHANG ◽  
Jingyi JIA ◽  
Xinghong LI ◽  
Yueyan ZHOU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
First Report ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Dactylonectria Torresensis ◽  
Black Foot

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are the most destructive diseases in grape-growing regions worldwide. Black foot is one of the important GTDs affecting young vineyards and nurseries. This disease has not been reported in China. During 2017 and 2019, field surveys were carried out in the Guangxi, Hebei, Ningxia, Shanxi, and Xinjiang provinces of China. Incidence of plants with black foot symptoms was 0.1% to 1% in the surveyed vineyards. Plant samples with poorly developed shoots and canes, chlorotic leaves, and necrotic trunks or roots were collected from the five provinces. In total, 50 fungal isolates were obtained from symptomatic tissues. Based on morphological and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses, five species were identified as Cylindrocladiella lageniformis, Dactylonectria torresensis, D. macrodidyma, D. alcacerensis and Neonectria sp.1. Pathogenicity was assessed using young, healthy detached green shoots of grapevine ‘Summer Black’ and potted 3-month-old ‘Summer Black’ cuttings. Inoculated detached shoots developed necroses after 7 d, and inoculated cuttings after 80 d. Fungi were re-isolated from necrotic lesions. Among the five species, D. macrodidyma was the most aggressive. This is the first report of C. lageniformis, D. torresensis, D. macrodidyma, D. alcacerensis, and Neonectria sp. 1 associated with black foot in China. This study has enhanced knowledge of the fungi associated with black foot in China, and will assist development of control measures for this disease.

scholarly journals Production of Phytotoxic Metabolites by Botryosphaeriaceae in Naturally Infected and Artificially Inoculated Grapevines

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 802
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Reveglia ◽  
Regina Billones-Baaijens ◽  
Jennifer Millera Millera Niem ◽  
Marco Masi ◽  
Alessio Cimmino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Protocatechuic Acid ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Diplodia Seriata ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dieback ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
One Year ◽  
Pathogen Dna

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are considered a serious problem to viticulture worldwide. Several GTD fungal pathogens produce phytotoxic metabolites (PMs) that were hypothesized to migrate to the foliage where they cause distinct symptoms. The role of PMs in the expression of Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) symptoms in naturally infected and artificially inoculated wood using molecular and analytical chemistry techniques was investigated. Wood samples from field vines naturally infected with BD and one-year-old vines inoculated with Diplodia seriata, Spencermartinsia viticola and Dothiorella vidmadera were analysed by cultural isolations, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and targeted LC-MS/MS to detect three PMs: (R)-mellein, protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin. (R)-mellein was detected in symptomatic naturally infected wood and vines artificially inoculated with D. seriata but was absent in all non-symptomatic wood. The amount of (R)-mellein detected was correlated with the amount of pathogen DNA detected by qPCR. Protocatechuic acid and spencertoxin were absent in all inoculated wood samples. (R)-mellein may be produced by the pathogen during infection to break down the wood, however it was not translocated into other parts of the vine. The foliar symptoms previously reported in vineyards may be due to a combination of PMs produced and climatic and physiological factors that require further investigation.

scholarly journals First Report of Neofusicoccum parvum Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases in Croatia

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1656-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kaliternam ◽  
T. Milicevic ◽  
D. Bencic ◽  
B. Duralija
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
First Report ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Trunk Diseases

In September 2010, during survey of diseased grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in vineyards at localities Zmajevac (BZ), Orahovica (SO), Cilipi (KC), and Novalja (PN), symptoms characteristic of grapevine trunk diseases (GTD) (3) were observed, showing on cross-sectioned cordons and trunks as brown, wedge-shaped perennial cankers and/or dark streaking of the wood. In Croatia, these symptoms were traditionally associated with Eutypa Tul. & C.Tul. and with fungi from Diaporthaceae (2). From affected grapevines (cvs. Grasevina, Pinot bijeli, Malvazija dubrovacka, and Gegic), samples of symptomatic cordons and trunks were collected (n ≥ 35). To isolate the causal agents from the samples, woodchips of symptomatic tissue, surface-sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, were placed on potato dextrose agar amended with streptomycin sulphate (50 μg/ml) and incubated for 7 days at 25°C in darkness. A percentage of samples (72, 15, 27, and 54% from BZ, SO, KC, and PN, respectively) yielded fungal colonies with abundant aerial mycelium, initially white, but turning olivaceous grey after 5 days. From these colonies, monohyphal isolates were obtained and pycnidial formation stimulated by cultivation on 2% water agar with stems of plant species Foeniculum vulgare Mill. at 25°C under diffuse light for 3 weeks. Pycnidia contained conidia that were hyaline, unicellular, ellipsoid with round apices and truncated bases, and thin walled with smooth surface. Dimensions of conidia (n ≥ 50) were (12.8) 15.3 ± 1.4 (17.6) × (5.4) 6.3 ± 0.8 (7.6) μm, with length/width ratio (2.0) 2.5 ± 0.5 (3.2). Based on morphological data, species Neofusicoccum parvum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips was suspected (1). For molecular identification, isolates BZ330, SO334, KC342, and PN121 were used for PCR to amplify internal transcribed spacer region and partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene, using primers ITS5/ITS4 and EF1-728F/EF1-986R, respectively. Obtained sequences were shown to be identical between the four isolates (GenBank: KF296318, KF296319) and when compared with sequences for reference N. parvum isolate CMW9080 (AY236942, AY236887) they showed >99% homology, confirming the isolates as species N. parvum. Pathogenicity tests were done by inoculation of detached green shoots (GS) and lignified canes (LC) (n = 5) of grapevine cv. Skrlet by either mycelial plugs of the same four isolates, or sterile agar plugs for the controls. Inoculated GS were kept in flasks with sterile water in a glasshouse for 10 days, and LC in humid dark chambers for 30 days, at 25°C. Resulting vascular necrosis measured 62 to 81 mm (GS) and 215 to 246 mm (LC), but was absent on controls. Koch's postulates were satisfied by successful reisolation of N. parvum only from plants inoculated with mycelial plugs. N. parvum has been recognized as a serious grapevine pathogen, causing similar symptoms worldwide (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. parvum associated with GTD in Croatia, and due to its relatively high incidence at surveyed localities, it could present considerable threat, particularly for neighboring vine growing regions. Diplodia seriata De Not., a weak pathogen (3), was also identified from a percentage of samples in this survey. References: (1) P. W. Crous et al. Stud. Mycol. 55:235, 2006. (2) J. Kaliterna et al. Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol. 63:471, 2012. (3) J. R. Urbez-Torres. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 50(Suppl.):S5, 2011.

scholarly journals Symptom Development in Response to Combined Infection of In Vitro-grown Lilium longiflorum with Pratylenchus penetrans and Soilborne Fungi Collected from Diseased Roots of Field-grown Lilies

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 882-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip Lakshman ◽  
Paulo Vieira ◽  
Ruchi Pandey ◽  
Janet Slovin ◽  
Kathryn Kamo
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
First Report ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Easter Lily

Eight fungal isolates (ELRF 1 to 8) were recovered from necrotic roots of Easter lilies, Lilium longiflorum cv. Nellie White, grown in a field in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The eight fungal isolates were identified by sequencing and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on their ITS rDNA region. Five isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum, two as F. tricinctum, and one as Rhizoctonia sp. AG-I. This constitutes the first report of Rhizoctonia sp. AG-I infecting lilies worldwide and the first report of F. tricinctum infecting lilies in the United States. To study and validate their pathogenicity, pure cultures of each isolate were used to infect the roots of Easter lily plants growing in vitro. In addition, Easter lily plants growing in vitro were infected either with or without Pratylenchus penetrans, the root lesion nematode, prior to placing a culture plug of fungus 1 cm from a lily root. Pratylenchus penetrans is a nematode species commonly found in the sampled fields. The presence of both nematode and Rhizoctonia sp. AG-I isolate ELRF 3 in infected lilies was evaluated by molecular analyses, confirming the infection of roots 3 days after inoculation, prior to development of disease symptoms. Necrosis and root rot developed more rapidly with all eight fungal isolates when there had been prior infection with P. penetrans, the major nematode parasitizing Easter lily roots in the field in Oregon.

scholarly journals Fungal community associated with grapevine wood lesions in Lebanon

OENO One ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Elia Choueiri ◽  
Fouad Jreijiri ◽  
Paulette Chlela ◽  
Valérie Mayet ◽  
Gwénaelle Comont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Numerical Evaluation ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Esca Disease ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Micro Organisms

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: To detect and identify the cultivable microorganisms putatively associated with esca disease in representative Lebanese vineyards.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Two field surveys were conducted in Lebanon in 2005 and 2007 to study the fungal community associated with grapevine wood lesions. A total of 68 vines showing typical esca symptoms were randomly sampled in 17 vineyards and cross sections were obtained of cordons and trunks. The shape and type of inner necrosis and discoloration were examined and isolations were made from the symptomatic wood. Isolation results showed that inner necrosis and isolated fungi were similar to those previously found elsewhere, namely in Central Europe or Mediterranean countries. Additionally, three methods for numerical evaluation of micro-organisms found were compared.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Most fungal pathogens generally associated with grapevine trunk diseases were detected, of which the basidiomycete <em>Fomitiporia mediterranea</em> and species of the ascomycete family <em>Botryosphaeriaceae</em> were the most frequently encountered. Additionally, a large diversity of other wood colonizing micro-organisms was detected. The putative role of some of the obtained micro-organisms in the process of wood degradation related to esca disease is discussed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: This isolation study is presently the most completed that was carried out with grapevine wood samples collected in Lebanon. Besides, it is the first to provide isolation results based on a classification of inner necrosis in five categories and to compare three criteria for numerical evaluation. This study also tends to further highlight that <em>Botryosphaeriaceae</em> species are common wood inhabiting fungi that should be associated with esca.</p>

scholarly journals Relationship Between the Xylem Anatomy of Grapevine Rootstocks and Their Susceptibility to Phaeoacremonium minimum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charis K. Ramsing ◽  
David Gramaje ◽  
Sara Mocholí ◽  
Javier Agustí ◽  
Félix Cabello Sáenz de Santa María ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Xylem Anatomy ◽  
Dna Concentration ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Potential Association ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Stem Surface Area ◽  
Detrimental Impact

Fungal grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are some of the most pressing threats to grape production worldwide. While these diseases are associated with several fungal pathogens, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium minimum are important contributors to esca and Petri diseases. Recent research has linked grapevine xylem diameter with tolerance to Pa. chlamydospora in commercial rootstocks. In this study, we screen over 25 rootstocks for xylem characteristics and tolerance to both Pa. chlamydospora and Pm. minimum. Tolerance was measured by fungal incidence and DNA concentration (quantified via qPCR), while histological analyses were used to measure xylem characteristics, including xylem vessels diameter, density, and the proportion of the stem surface area covered by xylem vessels. Rootstocks were grouped into different classes based on xylem characteristics to assess the potential association between vasculature traits and pathogen tolerance. Our results revealed significant differences in all the analyzed xylem traits, and also in DNA concentration for both pathogens among the tested rootstocks. They corroborate the link between xylem vessels diameter and tolerance to Pa. chlamydospora. In Pm. minimum, the rootstocks with the widest xylem diameter proved the most susceptible. This relationship between vasculature development and pathogen tolerance has the potential to inform both cultivar choice and future rootstock breeding to reduce the detrimental impact of GTDs worldwide.

scholarly journals Identification and First Report of Fusarium andiyazi Causing Sheath Rot of Zizania latifolia in China

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1844
Author(s):  
Ya-Min Ma ◽  
Jun-Zi Zhu ◽  
Xiao-Gang Li ◽  
Lai-Liang Wang ◽  
Jie Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Zizania Latifolia ◽  
First Report ◽  
Perennial Plant ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Sheath Rot

Zizania latifolia is a perennial plant native to East Asia. The swollen culm of Z. latifolia is a popular vegetable and traditional herbal medicine consumed in China and some other Asian countries. From 2019 to 2021, a sheath rot disease was found in Zhejiang Province of China. Symptoms mainly occurred in the leaf sheath showing as brown necrotic lesions surrounded by yellow halos. The pathogen fungal isolates were isolated from the affected sheaths. Ten representative isolates were selected for morphological and molecular identification by phylogenetic analyses of the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) and the RNA polymerase II subunit beta (RPB2) gene regions. Based on the combined datasets, the fungal isolates were identified as Fusarium andiyazi. Koch’s postulates were confirmed by pathogenicity test, re-isolation and re-identification of the fungal isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of sheath rot caused by F. andiyazi in Z. latifolia in China.

Evaluation of Biological and Chemical Pruning Wound Protectants to Control Grapevine Trunk Diseases Pathogens Eutypa lata and Neofusicoccum parvum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Blundell ◽  
Akif Eskalen
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Neofusicoccum Parvum ◽  
Eutypa Lata ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Wound Protection ◽  
Trunk Diseases

Grapevine trunk diseases, caused by many different fungal pathogens, are one of the most economically important diseases affecting the grapevine industry worldwide. Pruning wounds are the main point of entry for these fungal pathogens and thus, disease control is focused on preventative pruning wound protection by chemical products and/or biological control agents (BCAs). In this study we evaluated a broad variety of already registered or at the experimental stage of chemical and BCAs in greenhouse and in field trials for the protection of table- and wine-grape vines against infection of Eutypa lata and Neofusicoccum parvum, major pathogens responsible for Eutypa and Botryosphaeria dieback, respectively. Our study showed that Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma gamsii consistently provided pruning wound protection in greenhouse and field trials, with a mean percent disease control (MPDC) of 88% and 100% for E. lata and N. parvum, respectively, when compared to the water treated-inoculated positive control (P<0.05). The chemical protectants, thiophanate-methyl + myclobutanil and fluopyram and trifloxystrobin were also able to effectively protect wounds with a MPDC of up to 86% when compared to the water treated-inoculated positive control (P<0.05). When biological treatments were evaluated for recovery from treated canes at the end of the growing season, Trichoderma-based treatments had a rate of recovery between 0 and 100%, Aureobasidium-based treatments had a recovery rate between 25 and 100%, and Bacillus-based treatments had a recovery rate between 0 and 25%.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Natural Antifungal Compounds in Controlling Infection by Grapevine Trunk Disease Pathogens through Pruning Wounds

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (18) ◽  
pp. 6474-6483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebeca Cobos ◽  
Rosa María Mateos ◽  
José Manuel Álvarez-Pérez ◽  
Miguel Angel Olego ◽  
Silvia Sevillano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Chitosan Oligosaccharide ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Trunk Diseases

ABSTRACTGrapevine trunk fungal pathogens, such asDiplodia seriataandPhaeomoniella chlamydospora, can infect plants through pruning wounds. They cause grapevine trunk diseases and are involved in grapevine decline. Accordingly, the protection of pruning wounds is crucial for the management of grapevine trunk diseases. The efficacy of different natural antifungals in inhibiting the growth of several fungi causing grapevine trunk diseases was evaluatedin vitro. The fungi showing greaterin vitroefficacy were tested on autoclaved grape wood assays againstD. seriataandP. chlamydospora. Based on results from these assays, chitosan oligosaccharide, vanillin, and garlic extract were selected for further evaluation on pruning wounds inoculated withD. seriataandP. chlamydosporain field trials. A significant decrease in plant mortality was observed after 2 years of growth in the plants treated with the different natural antifungals compared to the mortality rate observed in infected plants that were not treated with antifungals. Also, the infection rate for the inoculated pathogens was significantly reduced in plants treated with the selected natural antifungals. Therefore, natural antifungals represent a promising alternative for disease control and could provide significant economic benefits for the grape-growing industry.

scholarly journals Grapevine Trunk Diseases Associated with Fungi from the Diaporthaceae Family in Croatian Vineyards / Identifikacija Vrsta Roda Fusarium Izoliranih S Plodova Jabuke Nakon Skladištenja

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joško Kaliterna ◽  
Tihomir Miličević ◽  
Bogdan Cvjetković
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
First Report ◽  
Phomopsis Viticola ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Trunk Diseases

AbstractGrapevine trunk diseases (GTD) have a variety of symptoms and causes. The latter include fungal species from the family Diaporthaceae. The aim of our study was to determine Diaporthaceae species present in the woody parts of grapevines sampled from 12 vine-growing coastal and continental areas of Croatia. The fungi were isolated from diseased wood, and cultures analysed for phenotype (morphology and pathogenicity) and DNA sequence (ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2). Most isolates were identified as Phomopsis viticola, followed by Diaporthe neotheicola and Diaporthe eres. This is the first report of Diaporthe eres as a pathogen on grapevine in the world, while for Diaporthe neotheicola this is the first report in Croatia. Pathogenicity trials confirmed Phomopsis viticola as a strong and Diaporthe neotheicola as a weak pathogen. Diaporthe eres turned out to be a moderate pathogen, which implies that the species could have a more important role in the aetiology of GTD.

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