scholarly journals From the Bishop's estate of the 19th century to the campus of the 21st century

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-129
Author(s):  
Iva Rechner Dika ◽  
Stanko Stergarsek
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

scholarly journals Confessional conversions on the territory of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century: overview of historiography

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Marharyta M. Karol
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
General State ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the stages of the formation of historiography devoted to the problems of confessional conversions in the second half of the 19th century on the territory of the Belarusian provinces. The historiographic trends that formed from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century were identified and analysed. The authour studies the peculiarities of Belarusian and foreign historiography at the present stage, when a large number of works on religious issues has appeared, including confessional conversions. It is argued that in Soviet times, the issue of transitions from Catholicism to Orthodoxy was practically not touched upon. In their approaches and assessments, some researchers continue the traditions of pre-revolutionary historiography, but the majority of modern scientists strive to give an objective picture of religious processes on the Belarusian lands, to show them in the context of general state policy. The relevance of the article is due to the coverage of various points of view on the problem of confessional conversions. It is noted that pre-revolutionary researchers, first of all, sought to prove the voluntariness of conversions to Orthodoxy, but during this period, works were also created in which this thesis was questioned.

scholarly journals Vampires that grew sick of Dracula

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-124
Author(s):  
Erica Sudário Bodevan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
John Polidori

Bram Stocker’s Dracula (1897) is considered a cornerstone when the subject is vampires. Although there were important works written before Stocker’s, such as “The Vampyre” (1819) by John Polidori and Carmilla (1872) by Sheridan Le Fanu, it was Dracula that established a vampiric genre and influenced countless works that came afterwards. Vampires in the contemporary, however, present some primordial differences when compared to the 19th century Count. Their relation with humans, who once were seen just as prey, evolves in the 20th and 21st century. It can be argued that these differences are due to the age those blood sucking monsters were created and “live” among society.

scholarly journals Medical students, beneficiaries of the state scholarships of the Republic of Serbia, and their education in the 21st century: The possibility of improvement

Sociologija ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nena Vasojevic ◽  
Mirko Filipovic
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
21St Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Reverse Migration ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Education Of Students ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 19th century, at the time when Serbia was being established, the education of students scholars abroad was viewed as one of the main tools for professional development and a strong society. Medical students were one of the first who were sent to study abroad. This practice was associated with increasing vertical social mobility of society. The results achieved in the 19th century encouraged us to focus on the study of temporary migrations of students scholars from Serbia in the 21st century. This article was created as a result of this study.4 Our goal was to define the profile of medical students scholars who studied abroad in the 21st century thanks to the state funds, to determine the reasons why they opted for education outside their country, and to determine the level of openness of the Serbian society towards them. However, the main objective was to contribute to the research of reverse migration.

scholarly journals Panorámica historiográfica de los estudios sobre el Mitra védico, avéstico y romano

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Israel Campos Méndez
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Global Understanding ◽  
Scientific Nature ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Accidental Discovery

Resumen: El interés que ha suscitado la figura del dios Mitra ha dejado como reflejo estudios que se remontan al periodo romano. Sin embargo, a partir del Renaci­miento el descubrimiento casual de piezas escul­tóricas de asunto mitraico, atrajo el interés de in­vestigadores que indagaron en sus escritos sobre la identidad de la divinidad que aparecía matando un toro. Durante los siglos XVI al XVIII, la temática solar y la identificación del Mitraísmo se convirtió en el contenido de estos estudios. A partir del s. XIX, empieza a tomar forma una investigación de carácter más científico sobre la cuestión mitraica, que encontrará su nacimiento formal con los tra­bajos de F. Cumont a principios del s. XX. Este si­glo pasado ha sido el que ha visto florecer el mayor y más profundo volumen de estudios desentrañan­do los misterios vinculados al dios Mitra, tanto en su vertiente de divinidad de los panteones védicos y avésticos, como en el ámbito del culto mistérico desarrollado en el marco del Imperio Romano. En los comienzos del siglo XXI, todavía permanecen abiertas algunas hipótesis iniciales, pero sí se cons­tata una vitalidad en los estudios para la compren­sión global del Mitraísmo.Palabras clave: Mitra, Mitraísmo, Avesta, Veda, Cumont.Abstract: One mark of the interest attached to the god Mithra is the line of studies dating back to the Ro­man period. It was, however, during the Renais­sance that the accidental discovery of sculptural pieces of a Mithraic subject attracted the interest of researchers, who sought to identify the bull-ki­lling divinity. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, this field of research re-oriented itself to the solar theme and the identification of Mithraism. In the 19th century, it took on a scientific nature, and the landmark the studies of F. Cumont saw the light of day in early 20th century. As the century progres­sed ambitious in-depth studies flourished, unra­velling the mysteries linked to the cult of the god Mithra, both in terms of the divinity of the Vedic and Avestan pantheons and of the sphere of the mystery cult established in the context of the Ro­man Empire. At the beginning of the 21st century, some initial hypotheses remain open, but the vi­tality of studies pursuing a global understanding of Mithraism remains unchallenged.Key words: Mithra, Mithraism, Avesta, Veda, Cumont.

PECULIARITIES OF THE ELITE SPORT POLITICIZATION PROCESS: HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 110-119
Author(s):  
E.V. SALNIKOV ◽  
◽  
I.N. SALNIKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
National State ◽  
Political Analysis ◽  
Norbert Elias ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
History Of ◽  
Competitive Games ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Era

The main purpose of the article is to reconstruct the history of sports politicization, by which the authors, in accordance with the position of Norbert Elias and Pierre Bourdieu, understand the special practice of competitive games that arises in the states of the modern era. In this sense, the beginning of modern sports is the second half of the 19th century. The article demonstrates that throughout its development, sport goes through a complex evolution from the form of the embodiment of the power of the national state to the concept of sports outside politics, which is currently collapsing under the influence of explicit and hidden practices of the repoliticization of sports. Special attention is paid to the history of the fight against racism in sports, which in the 21st century is becoming a space for the realization of political interests, the hidden form of which is the practices of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement.

Spain: The Long Road from an Interventionist Army to Democratic and Modern Armed Forces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafa Martínez ◽  
Fernando J. Padilla Angulo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

During the transition from ancien régime to liberalism that took place in Spain during the first third of the 19th century, the military became a prominent political actor. Many soldiers were members of the country’s first liberal parliament, which in 1812 passed one of the world’s oldest liberal charters, the so-called Constitution of Cádiz. Furthermore, the armed forces fought against the Napoleonic Army’s occupation and, once the Bourbon monarchy was restored, often took arms against the established power. Nineteenth-century Spain was prey to instability due to the struggle between conservative, progressive, liberal, monarchical, and republican factions. It was also a century full of missed opportunities by governments, constitutions, and political regimes, in which the military always played an active role, often a paramount one. Army and navy officers became ministers and heads of government during the central decades of the 19th century, often after a coup. This changed with the establishment of a parliamentary monarchy based on a bipartisan system known as the Restoration (1874–1923). The armed forces were kept away from politics. They focused on their professional activities, thus developing a corporate attitude and an ideological cohesion around a predominantly conservative political stance. Ruling the empire gave the armed forces a huge sphere of influence. Only chief officers were appointed as governors of the Spanish territories in America, Africa, and Asia throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. This went unchanged until 1976, when Spain withdrew from Western Sahara, deemed the country’s last colony. The power accumulated in the overseas territories was often used by the governors to build a political career in metropolitan Spain. Following the end of the Restoration in 1923, the armed forces engaged with the political struggle in full again. After a military-led dictatorship, a frustrated republic, and a fratricidal civil war, a dictatorship was established in 1939 that lasted for almost 40 years: the Francoist regime. Francisco Franco leaned on the military as a repressive force and a legitimacy source for a regime established as a result of a war. After the dictator passed away in 1975, Spain underwent a transition to democracy which was accepted by the armed forces somehow reluctantly, as the coup attempt of 1981 made clear. At that time, the military was the institution that Spanish society trusted the least. It was considered a poorly trained and equipped force. Even its troops’ volume and budget were regarded as excessive. However, the armed forces have undergone an intense process of modernization since the end of 1980s. They have become fully professional, their budget and numbers have been reduced, and they have successfully taken part in European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and United Nations (UN)-led international missions. In the early 21st century, the armed forces are Spain’s second-best valued institution. Far from its formerly interventionist role throughout the 19th century and a good deal of the 20th, Spain’s armed forces in the 21st century have become a state tool and a public administration controlled by democratically elected governments.

An Israeli University-Level Approach to Judezmo (Ladino), Traditional Language of the Sephardic Jews

2020 ◽  
pp. 214-226
Author(s):  
David Monson Bunis
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Sephardic Jews ◽  
Israeli Government ◽  
Traditional Language ◽  
Hebrew University ◽  
The 19Th Century

Judezmo, or Ladino or Judeo-Spanish, is the traditional language of the Sephardic or Iberian Jews who after 1492 resettled in the Ottoman Empire, many of them remaining in the region into the 21st century. Structurally, Modern Judezmo is composed mostly of elements of popular medieval Ibero-Romance, Ibero-Arabic, Hebrew and Aramaic, Turkish and Balkan languages, and Italian and French. Into the first half of the 20th century, the language was written primarily in the Hebrew alphabet; from the second half of the 19th century, Romanization was also used, leading to the unique Romanization which predominates today. The language was not taught formally in the speech community until the 19th century; instead language study focused on Hebrew. In the late 1970s, popular social pressure led the Israeli government to acknowledge the important role played by Judezmo in the Sephardic Diaspora by introducing Judezmo courses in Israeli universities. The chapter focuses on the challenges of teaching Judezmo at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

National Report for Spain

2012 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Satisfactory Result ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
National Report ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Eu

The current insolvency legislation is the result of a long and cumbersome evolution. It was approved on 7 July 2003 (Ley 22/2003, the Insolvency Act 2003 (‘IA’)) and came into force on 1 September 2004, putting an end to one of the most embarrassing situations that the Spanish legal system has ever had to endure: coming into the 21st century with an insolvency legislation dating back to the beginning of the 19th century. The previous insolvency system was composed of as many as five different legal instruments: the Commercial Codes (Codigo de Comercio) of 1885 and 1829 (only partially in force) and the Law on Suspension of Payments of 1922 (Ley de Suspension de Pagos), which regulated some procedural aspects and all material aspects of commercial insolvency; the Civil Code of 1889, which regulated the insolvency of the general—non-commercial—debtor; and the Civil Procedural Law, dating from 1881 (Ley de Enjuiciamiento civil ). It can then be said that the insolvency of a large business in a developed European economy (the fifth largest in the EU) had to be solved with laws that dated from two centuries before. The reform has been a relief and it has greatly modernised Spain’s economic legal legal framework. However, this process was neither easy nor did it produce a fully satisfactory result.

3. History and heroes

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-82
Author(s):  
Ben Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Culture Wars ◽  
Empire Building ◽  
Jewish Diaspora ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Western Perspective

Seen from a Western perspective, the history of comparative literature can be divided into three categories: how European literatures have been compared inside Europe; how European literature has been compared with other cultures outside Europe; and how literatures outside Europe have been compared among themselves. ‘History and heroes’ explains how from the empire building of the 19th century, via the Jewish diaspora of the 20th century, to the postcolonial culture wars of the 21st century, the problems and prejudices of comparative literature have formed a cultural counterpart to the problems and prejudices of modernity. To understand its history, in this spirit, is to understand why it matters.

4. The entrance of statistics and mathematical models

2018 ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Sarah Harper
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Life Table ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Parametric Model ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
International Union ◽  
Human Mortality ◽  
Demographic Methods ◽  
The 19Th Century

By the 19th century the study of demography had developed from John Graunt’s primitive life table to the complex statistical laws and theories of Benjamin Gompertz and William Makeham. ‘The entrance of statistics and mathematical models’ describes the Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality, the first parametric model of human mortality that is still valid today, and the formation of the International Union for the Scientific Investigation of Population Problems in 1927. It also outlines the contributions of William Farr, Francis Galton, Karl Pearson, Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, Leonard Henry Tippett, Ansley Johnson Coale, William Brass, and John ‘Jack’ Caldwell to the development of demography and demographic methods and analysis from the 19th century to the 21st century.

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