scholarly journals Integration Of Smart Grid And Blockchain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartikey Garg
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Power Generators ◽  
The Real ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Electricity Bill

<div><div><div><p>A majority of electricity consumed by humans comes from traditional power generators, that work on a centralised framework, distributing it through wires and grids. More than 80% of this electricity comes from fossil fuels, leading to large amounts of pollution, since it is carbon intensive. The distribution methods are inefficient as much energy is lost in transmission. This leads to it being expensive for the consumer, and makes them dependent on large corporations. A large percentage of the electricity bill goes towards paying off the investment in infrastructure needed to provide it. This model is clearly not sustainable. Furthermore, it is estimated that around 1.2 billion people live without access to safe electricity. This is primarily since electricity providers don’t deem building infrastructure for a remote or economically backward location as profitable enough, since they are unlikely to pay it back. Contrary to conventional system, our proposed framework will be focused at introducing the decentralised energy distribution and consumption using Blockchain. Many prior studies have been done to decentralise the energy distribution but due to security and trust scare the systems could not be fully adopted in the real setting. We take a look into the methodologies third parties can use to counter the security issues as well. However, by integrating blockchain into the existing smart grid architecture we open up the possibility of bypassing the tiring process of renewable certification, make a localised energy production a reality and detach the consumers from the dependency of central grid. To fully assimilate this environment with the end users we also discuss about the real time platform for prosumers and consumers to trade energy. At the end, we look at the costs, consumption and other attributes of three different community microgrids simu</p></div></div></div>

scholarly journals Integration Of Smart Grid And Blockchain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartikey Garg
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Power Generators ◽  
The Real ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Electricity Bill

<div><div><div><p>A majority of electricity consumed by humans comes from traditional power generators, that work on a centralised framework, distributing it through wires and grids. More than 80% of this electricity comes from fossil fuels, leading to large amounts of pollution, since it is carbon intensive. The distribution methods are inefficient as much energy is lost in transmission. This leads to it being expensive for the consumer, and makes them dependent on large corporations. A large percentage of the electricity bill goes towards paying off the investment in infrastructure needed to provide it. This model is clearly not sustainable. Furthermore, it is estimated that around 1.2 billion people live without access to safe electricity. This is primarily since electricity providers don’t deem building infrastructure for a remote or economically backward location as profitable enough, since they are unlikely to pay it back. Contrary to conventional system, our proposed framework will be focused at introducing the decentralised energy distribution and consumption using Blockchain. Many prior studies have been done to decentralise the energy distribution but due to security and trust scare the systems could not be fully adopted in the real setting. We take a look into the methodologies third parties can use to counter the security issues as well. However, by integrating blockchain into the existing smart grid architecture we open up the possibility of bypassing the tiring process of renewable certification, make a localised energy production a reality and detach the consumers from the dependency of central grid. To fully assimilate this environment with the end users we also discuss about the real time platform for prosumers and consumers to trade energy. At the end, we look at the costs, consumption and other attributes of three different community microgrids simu</p></div></div></div>

Assessing desalination as a sustainable alternative using a multiple criteria decision support model

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Fernandes ◽  
M. C. Almeida ◽  
A. G. Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Multiple Criteria ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Decision Support Model

Desalination technologies provide an alternative for potable water production, having significant potential for application where fresh water scarcity exists. Potential benefits have to be balanced with other factors, such as high costs, high energy consumption, and significant environmental impacts, for the understanding of real risks and gains of desalination within the context of integrated water resources management. Multiple factors can be considered when analysing the viability of a desalination project but often a limited approach is used. The complexity in the analysis lies in finding the alternatives that obey to multiple objectives (e.g. reduced environmental impact, social acceptance, less cost associated). In this paper, development of a methodology based on multiple criteria decision support system for the evaluation and ranking the potential of desalination technologies is described and applied to a Portuguese case study. Relevant factors to the selection of desalination technologies were identified using SWOT analysis and the MACBETH (Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation Technique) approach was applied. Technical alternatives considered include reverse osmosis and multi-effect desalination (MED), together with energy production by fossil fuels or solar energy. Production of water by conventional approaches was also considered. Results, for non-economic benefits, show higher score for MED solar but, in the cost-benefit analysis, conventional methods of water production have higher ranking since costs of renewable energies are not yet competitive. However, even if not preferred in economic terms, desalination is ranked significantly above the conventional approaches for non-economic criteria.

scholarly journals Edible Energy Production and Energy Return on Investment—Long-Term Analysis of Global Changes

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1011
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Bajan ◽  
Joanna Łukasiewicz ◽  
Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda ◽  
Walenty Poczta
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Energy Return On Investment

The projected increase in the world’s population requires an increase in the production of edible energy that would meet the associated increased demand for food. However, food production is strongly dependent on the use of energy, mainly from fossil fuels, the extraction of which requires increasing input due to the depletion of the most easily accessible deposits. According to numerous estimations, the world’s energy production will be dependent on fossil fuels at least to 2050. Therefore, it is vital to increase the energy efficiency of production, including food production. One method to measure energy efficiency is the energy return on investment (EROI), which is the ratio of the amount of energy produced to the amount of energy consumed in the production process. The literature lacks comparable EROI calculations concerning global food production and the existing studies only include crop production. The aim of this study was to calculate the EROI of edible crop and animal production in the long term worldwide and to indicate the relationships resulting from its changes. The research takes into account edible crop and animal production in agriculture and the direct consumption of fossil fuels and electricity. The analysis showed that although the most underdeveloped regions have the highest EROI, the production of edible energy there is usually insufficient to meet the food needs of the population. On the other hand, the lowest EROI was observed in highly developed regions, where production ensures food self-sufficiency. However, the changes that have taken place in Europe since the 1990s indicate an opportunity to simultaneously reduce the direct use of energy in agriculture and increase the production of edible energy, thus improving the EROI.

Power Generation for the Near Future

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kau-Fui Vincent Wong ◽  
Guillermo Amador
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
The Us ◽  
Near Future

As society continues advancing into the future, more energy is required to supply the increasing population and energy demands. Unfortunately, traditional forms of energy production through the burning of carbon-based fuels are dumping harmful pollutants into the environment, resulting in detrimental, and possibly irreversible, effects on our planet. The burning of coal and fossil fuels provides energy at the least monetary cost for countries like the US, but the price being paid through their negative impact of our atmosphere is difficult to quantify. A rapid shift to clean, alternative energy sources is critical in order to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. For alternative energy sources to replace traditional energy sources that produce greenhouse gases, they must be capable of providing energy at equal or greater rates and efficiencies, while still functioning at competitive prices. The main factors hindering the pursuit of alternative sources are their high initial costs and, for some, intermittency. The creation of electrical energy from natural sources like wind, water, and solar is very desirable since it produces no greenhouse gases and makes use of renewable sources—unlike fossil fuels. However, the planning and technology required to tap into these sources and transfer energy at the rate and consistency needed to supply our society comes at a higher price than traditional methods. These high costs are a result of the large-scale implementation of the state-of-the-art technologies behind the devices required for energy cultivation and delivery from these unorthodox sources. On the other hand, as fossil fuel sources become scarcer, the rising fuel costs drive overall costs up and make traditional methods less cost effective. The growing scarcity of fossil fuels and resulting pollutants stimulate the necessity to transition away from traditional energy production methods. Currently, the most common alternative energy technologies are solar photovoltaics (PVs), concentrated solar power (CSP), wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, tidal, wave, and nuclear. Because of government intervention in countries like the US and the absence of the need to restructure the electricity transmission system (due to the similarity in geographical requirements and consistency in power outputs for nuclear and traditional plants), nuclear energy is the most cost competitive energy technology that does not produce greenhouse gases. Through the proper use of nuclear fission electricity at high efficiencies could be produced without polluting our atmosphere. However, the initial capital required to erect nuclear plants dictates a higher cost over traditional methods. Therefore, the government is providing help with the high initial costs through loan guarantees, in order to stimulate the growth of low-emission energy production. This paper analyzes the proposal for the use of nuclear power as an intermediate step before an eventual transition to greater dependence on energy from wind, water, and solar (WWS) sources. Complete dependence on WWS cannot be achieved in the near future, within 20 years, because of the unavoidable variability of these sources and the required overhaul of the electricity transmission system. Therefore, we look to nuclear power in the time being to help provide predictable power as a means to reduce carbon emissions, while the other technologies are refined and gradually implemented in order to meet energy demand on a consistent basis.

scholarly journals The effect of building energy management systems on battery aging

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 00014
Author(s):  
Lluc Canals Casals ◽  
Lucía Igualada ◽  
Cristina Corchero
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Power Generators ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Energy Management Systems ◽  
Renewable Power ◽  
Building Energy Management ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
Electricity Bill

Smart buildings are a key element to walk towards smart cities and grids. Nonetheless, there are several degrees of intelligence. A first step is to incorporate commercial self-consumption solutions in buildings so they can manage the energy from local renewable power generators. A second step is to substitute this commercial solutions with an optimized Energy Management System (EMS) to reduce the electricity bill at the end of the month. Further. This EMS may contribute to stabilize and improve the quality and emissions of the electricity grid by offering some energy flexibility to the electricity system in favour of decentralization. This study compares the battery aging between buildings that count with an EMS to optimize the electricity bill under three scenarios in contrast to those that have a simple self-consumption kit. Lithium ion battery lifespan is estimated by means of an electric equivalent battery circuit model that runs on Matlab and simulates its behaviour through time. Moreover, this study evaluates the distribution of the battery costs regarding its use, observing that batteries controlled by simple self-consumption kits have longer lifespan because they are underused, ending up in higher calendar aging costs than the ones that are controlled by EMS.

scholarly journals The use of renewable resources is an opportunity and an obligation

2014 ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Zoltán Balla
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Rational Utilization ◽  
Security Of Supply ◽  
Harmful Substances

The renewable energy sources could be used in energy production, while no or only very slightly emit harmful substances to the environment. The solar, wind, hydropower, biomass and heat rational utilization of land contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.Renewable energy sources also reduces the dependence on fossil fuels, thus contributing to increase security of supply. The creation of local jobs to strengthen the area's population retaining ability.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Biogas Collection from Reed Canary Grass, Depending on Nitrogen Fertilisation Levels

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kacprzak ◽  
Mariusz Matyka ◽  
Liliana Krzystek ◽  
Stanisław Ledakowicz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Reed Canary Grass ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilisation ◽  
Biogas Yield ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Canary Grass

The world in 21st century is facing the problem of growing energy consumption while the supply of fossil fuels is being reduced. This resulted in the development of research into the use of renewable energy sources and development of new technologies for energy production. In Polish conditions the development of agricultural biogas plants finds its legitimacy in the document developed by the Ministry titled "Trends in agricultural biogas plants in Poland in 2010-2020”. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the weather conditions and the degree of nitrogen fertilisation on yield of reed canary grass (Phalaris Arundinacea L.) and to determine their susceptibility to anaerobic digestion, and usefulness of the production of biogas. Carried out experiments showed that increasing nitrogen fertilisation (from 40 to 120 kg N/ha) linearly increased canary grass green biomass yield from 32 to 46.3 t/ha. However, the highest biogas yield 126 m3/ha was obtained when 80 kg N/ha was applied.

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