scholarly journals Use of battery swapping for improving environmental balance and price-performance ratio of electric vehicles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Environmental Balance ◽  
The One

<p> There is a simple concept that can significantly improve the environmental balance of battery electric vehicles and at the same time avoid the known disadvantages of these vehicles (short range, long charging times, high acquisition costs) without having to wait for further developed batteries or a higher proportion of green electricity. For this purpose, the vehicles are equipped with built-in batteries for short and medium distances and are therefore sufficient for the majority of daily journeys. For long-distance journeys, the driver borrows charged additional battery packs at swapping stations, which are automatically inserted into a standardised exchange slot within a few minutes. This paper focuses on the improvements in electric vehicles that can be achieved by combining built-in and exchangeable battery technique and also on the practical feasibility of the concept. It is shown that the battery capacity required for the entire vehicle fleet can be significantly reduced. The resulting ecological advantages on the one hand and grid-stabilising effects of a nationwide network of swapping stations on the other hand, support the transition to environmentally sustainable mobility. The characteristics of the concept presented are advantageous for its practical implementation. The acceptance by customers and manufacturers can thus be improved compared to previous battery swapping systems. The loan system for the exchange batteries may be designed conveniently and information security as well as data protection will be strictly complied.</p>

scholarly journals Use of battery swapping for improving environmental balance and price-performance ratio of electric vehicles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Environmental Balance ◽  
The One

<p> There is a simple concept that can significantly improve the environmental balance of battery electric vehicles and at the same time avoid the known disadvantages of these vehicles (short range, long charging times, high acquisition costs) without having to wait for further developed batteries or a higher proportion of green electricity. For this purpose, the vehicles are equipped with built-in batteries for short and medium distances and are therefore sufficient for the majority of daily journeys. For long-distance journeys, the driver borrows charged additional battery packs at swapping stations, which are automatically inserted into a standardised exchange slot within a few minutes. This paper focuses on the improvements in electric vehicles that can be achieved by combining built-in and exchangeable battery technique and also on the practical feasibility of the concept. It is shown that the battery capacity required for the entire vehicle fleet can be significantly reduced. The resulting ecological advantages on the one hand and grid-stabilising effects of a nationwide network of swapping stations on the other hand, support the transition to environmentally sustainable mobility. The characteristics of the concept presented are advantageous for its practical implementation. The acceptance by customers and manufacturers can thus be improved compared to previous battery swapping systems. The loan system for the exchange batteries may be designed conveniently and information security as well as data protection will be strictly complied.</p>

scholarly journals Path Planning Method for Electric Vehicles Based on Freeway Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Qichao Liu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Xuedong Hua
Keyword(s):  
Path Planning ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Planning Method ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Single Vehicle ◽  
Strategy Planning ◽  
Charging Strategy

Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have received more and more attention, but the problem of the insufficient range is still the main reason that hinders electric vehicles to travel long distances. Under the premise of the battery capacity without technological innovation, the path planning method can ensure the safety and efficiency of electric vehicles in long-distance travel. This paper studies the actual freeway network to optimize the vehicle driving path and give the charging strategy based on the shortest travel time of a single vehicle. In this paper, a path and charging strategy planning model is proposed. In this model, the shortest travel time of a single vehicle is taken as the objective function, and the state of charging equipment in the actual road network and the safe electric quantity are considered as constraints. And the genetic algorithm is used to solve the model. Through case analysis, the rationality and optimization efficiency of the model proposed in this paper are verified. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of the three parameters of traffic volume, temperature, and travel speed is carried out with the Shanghai-Nanjing freeway network. The experimental results can get the nodes with the highest service pressure in the network, which can provide a theoretical basis for charging nodes’ expansion in the freeway network in the future.

scholarly journals Changes in the range of electric vehicles during operation

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 01009
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Dobrzycki ◽  
Michał Filipiak ◽  
Jarosław Jajczyk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Electrical Vehicles ◽  
Battery Packs

This paper describes the trends in growth of the number of electrical vehicles in Europe. The most popular electric cars available on the market were presented, with the capacity of their batteries, energy consumption and range declared by the manufacturer. These data were confronted with the results of road tests. Assuming an average annual mileage, the number of charging cycles was estimated, and on this basis the decrease of battery capacity. The results of calculations were compared with the observations of electric vehicle users. The calculations showed a mileage, after which the user should consider battery packs replacing.

P20 phosphor on polyimide as a large area high-resolution transmission screen for slow scan CCD systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 20-21
Author(s):  
C. C. Ahn ◽  
S. Karnes ◽  
M. Lvovsky ◽  
C. M. Garland ◽  
H. A. Atwater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Line Pair ◽  
Modulation Transfer ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Ccd Imaging ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The One ◽  
Beam Broadening

The bane of CCD imaging systems for transmission electron microscopy at intermediate and high voltages has been their relatively poor modulation transfer function (MTF), or line pair resolution. The problem originates primarily with the phosphor screen. On the one hand, screens should be thick so that as many incident electrons as possible are converted to photons, yielding a high detective quantum efficiency(DQE). The MTF diminishes as a function of scintillator thickness however, and to some extent as a function of fluorescence within the scintillator substrates. Fan has noted that the use of a thin layer of phosphor beneath a self supporting 2μ, thick Al substrate might provide the most appropriate compromise for high DQE and MTF in transmission electron microcscopes which operate at higher voltages. Monte Carlo simulations of high energy electron trajectories reveal that only little beam broadening occurs within this thickness of Al film. Consequently, the MTF is limited predominantly by broadening within the thin phosphor underlayer. There are difficulties however, in the practical implementation of this design, associated mostly with the mechanical stability of the Al support film.

scholarly journals Scenario Analyses of Exhaust Emissions Reduction through the Introduction of Electric Vehicles into the City

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 2030
Author(s):  
Marianna Jacyna ◽  
Renata Żochowska ◽  
Aleksander Sobota ◽  
Mariusz Wasiak
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Scenario Analyses ◽  
High Emission ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

In recent years, policymakers of urban agglomerations in various regions of the world have been striving to reduce environmental pollution from harmful exhaust and noise emissions. Restrictions on conventional vehicles entering the inner city are being introduced and the introduction of low-emission measures, including electric ones, is being promoted. This paper presents a method for scenario analysis applied to study the reduction of exhaust emissions by introducing electric vehicles in a selected city. The original scenario analyses relating to real problems faced by contemporary metropolitan areas are based on the VISUM tool (PTV Headquarters for Europe: PTV Planung Transport Verkehr AG, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany). For the case study, the transport model of the city of Bielsko-Biala (Poland) was used to conduct experiments with different forms of participation of electric vehicles on the one hand and traffic restrictions for high emission vehicles on the other hand. Scenario analyses were conducted for various constraint options including inbound, outbound, and through traffic. Travel time for specific transport relations and the volume of harmful emissions were used as criteria for evaluating scenarios of limited accessibility to city zones for selected types of vehicles. The comparative analyses carried out showed that the introduction of electric vehicles in the inner city resulted in a significant reduction in the emission of harmful exhaust compounds and, consequently, in an increase in the area of clean air in the city. The case study and its results provide some valuable insights and may guide decision-makers in their actions to introduce both driving ban restrictions for high-emission vehicles and incentives for the use of electric vehicles for city residents.

On the efficacy of SoC-preconditioning on the utilization of battery packs in Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
pp. 103711
Author(s):  
Alexander Lamprecht ◽  
Ananth Garikapati ◽  
Swaminathan Narayanaswamy ◽  
Johannes Machleid ◽  
Sebastian Steinhorst
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Battery Packs
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