scholarly journals Blockchain-based Solution for COVID-19 Digital Medical Passports and Immunity Certificates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haya R. Hasan ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Junaid Arshad ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Security Analysis ◽  
File Systems ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Design Development ◽  
False Information ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost

COVID-19 has emerged as a highly contagious disease which has caused a devastating impact across the world with a very large number of infections and deaths. Timely and accurate testing is paramount to an effective response to this pandemic as it helps identify infections and therefore mitigate (isolate/cure) them. In this paper, we investigate this challenge and contribute by presenting a blockchain-based solution that incorporates self-sovereign identity, re-encryption proxies, and decentralized storage, such as the interplanetary file systems (IPFS). Our solution implements digital medical passports (DMP) and immunity certificates for COVID-19 test-takers. We present smart contracts based on the Ethereum blockchain written and tested successfully to maintain a digital medical identity for test-takers that help in a prompt trusted response directly by the relevant medical authorities. We reduce the response time of the medical facilities, alleviate the spread of false information by using immutable trusted blockchain, and curb the spread of the disease through DMP. We present a detailed description of the system design, development, and evaluation (cost and security analysis) for the proposed solution. Since our code leverages the use of the on-chain events, the cost of our design is almost negligible. We have made our smart contract codes publicly available on Github.

scholarly journals Blockchain-based Solution for COVID-19 Digital Medical Passports and Immunity Certificates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haya R. Hasan ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Junaid Arshad ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Security Analysis ◽  
File Systems ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Design Development ◽  
False Information ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost

COVID-19 has emerged as a highly contagious disease which has caused a devastating impact across the world with a very large number of infections and deaths. Timely and accurate testing is paramount to an effective response to this pandemic as it helps identify infections and therefore mitigate (isolate/cure) them. In this paper, we investigate this challenge and contribute by presenting a blockchain-based solution that incorporates self-sovereign identity, re-encryption proxies, and decentralized storage, such as the interplanetary file systems (IPFS). Our solution implements digital medical passports (DMP) and immunity certificates for COVID-19 test-takers. We present smart contracts based on the Ethereum blockchain written and tested successfully to maintain a digital medical identity for test-takers that help in a prompt trusted response directly by the relevant medical authorities. We reduce the response time of the medical facilities, alleviate the spread of false information by using immutable trusted blockchain, and curb the spread of the disease through DMP. We present a detailed description of the system design, development, and evaluation (cost and security analysis) for the proposed solution. Since our code leverages the use of the on-chain events, the cost of our design is almost negligible. We have made our smart contract codes publicly available on Github.

scholarly journals Blockchain-based Solution for COVID-19 Digital Medical Passports and Immunity Certificates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haya R. Hasan ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Junaid Arshad ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Security Analysis ◽  
File Systems ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Design Development ◽  
False Information ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost

COVID-19 has emerged as a highly contagious disease which has caused a devastating impact across the world with a very large number of infections and deaths. Timely and accurate testing is paramount to an effective response to this pandemic as it helps identify infections and therefore mitigate (isolate/cure) them. In this paper, we investigate this challenge and contribute by presenting a blockchain-based solution that incorporates self-sovereign identity, re-encryption proxies, and decentralized storage, such as the interplanetary file systems (IPFS). Our solution implements digital medical passports (DMP) and immunity certificates for COVID-19 test-takers. We present smart contracts based on the Ethereum blockchain written and tested successfully to maintain a digital medical identity for test-takers that help in a prompt trusted response directly by the relevant medical authorities. We reduce the response time of the medical facilities, alleviate the spread of false information by using immutable trusted blockchain, and curb the spread of the disease through DMP. We present a detailed description of the system design, development, and evaluation (cost and security analysis) for the proposed solution. Since our code leverages the use of the on-chain events, the cost of our design is almost negligible. We have made our smart contract codes publicly available on Github.

scholarly journals Blockchain for Giving Patients Control over their Medical Records

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Madine ◽  
Ammar Battah ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
File Systems ◽  
Medical Data ◽  
Personal Health ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Health Records ◽  
Information Giving ◽  
Smart Contract

Personal health records (PHRs) are valuable assets to individuals because they enable them to integrate and manage their medical data. A PHR is an electronic application through which patients can manage their health information. Giving patients control over their medical data offers an advantageous realignment of the doctor-patient dynamic. However, today's PHR management systems fall short of giving reliable, traceable, trustful, and secure patients control over their medical data, which poses serious threats to their authenticity and accuracy. Moreover, most of the current approaches and systems leveraged for managing PHR are centralized that not only make medical data sharing difficult but also poses a risk of single point of failure problem. In this paper, we propose Ethereum blockchain-based smart contracts to give patients control over their data in a manner that is decentralized, immutable, transparent, traceable, trustful, and secure. The proposed system employs decentralized storage of interplanetary file systems (IPFS), proxy re-encryption, and trusted reputation-based oracles to securely fetch, store, and share patients' medical data. We present algorithms along with their full implementation details. We evaluate the proposed smart contracts using two important performance metrics, such as cost and correctness. Furthermore, we provide security analysis and discuss the generalization aspects of our solution. We outline the limitations of the proposed approach. We make the smart contract source code publicly available on Github.

scholarly journals Blockchain for Giving Patients Control over their Medical Records

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Madine ◽  
Ammar Battah ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
File Systems ◽  
Medical Data ◽  
Personal Health ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Health Records ◽  
Information Giving ◽  
Smart Contract

Personal health records (PHRs) are valuable assets to individuals because they enable them to integrate and manage their medical data. A PHR is an electronic application through which patients can manage their health information. Giving patients control over their medical data offers an advantageous realignment of the doctor-patient dynamic. However, today's PHR management systems fall short of giving reliable, traceable, trustful, and secure patients control over their medical data, which poses serious threats to their authenticity and accuracy. Moreover, most of the current approaches and systems leveraged for managing PHR are centralized that not only make medical data sharing difficult but also poses a risk of single point of failure problem. In this paper, we propose Ethereum blockchain-based smart contracts to give patients control over their data in a manner that is decentralized, immutable, transparent, traceable, trustful, and secure. The proposed system employs decentralized storage of interplanetary file systems (IPFS), proxy re-encryption, and trusted reputation-based oracles to securely fetch, store, and share patients' medical data. We present algorithms along with their full implementation details. We evaluate the proposed smart contracts using two important performance metrics, such as cost and correctness. Furthermore, we provide security analysis and discuss the generalization aspects of our solution. We outline the limitations of the proposed approach. We make the smart contract source code publicly available on Github.

scholarly journals The Legal Nature of Smart Contracts

Law and World ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 165-175
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Standard Contract ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The World ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Current Reality

The article discusses about the smart contract, its concept and legal nature, as well as the place of smart contracts in the Technology Law, which means a discussion on the important issues covered by this topic. At the same time, smart contracts are com- pared to the usual standard contract, where their pros and cons are discussed. The importance and necessity of both types of contracts in relation to the current reality will also be discussed. At the same time, the article discusses about the revolutions – from where they begin and how long the world has passed before today's reality, why blockchain is considered as the fourth-generation revolution and how important it is to develop and implement it. The article also discusses about the types of contracts, which means how a standard contract can be divided, in the other words, we talk about consensual and real contracts. The definitions of each of them and their need related to the smart contracts are analyzed in the article. Therefore, we use the relevant chapters and articles of civil law to be able to explain what is meant and to what extent it is possible to follow the same norms in the case of the smart contract.

scholarly journals Blockchain technology for accounting and distribution of contributions from a charitable foundation

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2(61)) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Oksana Herasymenko ◽  
Valeriia Bachynska
Keyword(s):  
Web Application ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Seeking Help ◽  
The Cost

The object of research is software for financial accounting and distribution of funds in a non-profit charitable foundation using smart contracts of the Ethereum platform. The work is aimed at designing and implementing a software application for a charitable foundation, which allows to exclude the misuse of funds of a non-profit charitable foundation. The paper proposes an implementation of the Ethereum smart contract for the software of a charitable foundation. In the app, users can apply for financial aid or make a charitable donation. The request for financial support is confirmed by administrators to avoid abuse by those seeking help. Anyone who has a crypto wallet can become a sponsor by transferring funds from its account to a selected request. The sponsor remains incognito when making a charitable contribution. After collecting the entire declared amount, the funds are automatically transferred to the crypto wallet of the request’s owner. A smart contract and a corresponding decentralized web application for interacting with it were experimentally deployed, and their joint work was tested. To implement the smart contract, the Solidity programming language was chosen; developed smart contract converted to bytecode using remix. The resulting bytecode is ready to be deployed on the Ethereum platform. Decentralized web application for interacting with the contract is implemented using Web3.js, Vue.js. A rough estimate of the cost of deploying a project on the Ethereum platform has been made. The deployment and operation of smart contracts and web applications comes with a certain overhead, which is most dependent on the cost of ether. However, this is a justified price to pay for the transparency of transactions and the shadowing of the turnover of funds of the charitable foundation. The results of the research can be used as a basis for further transformation into full-fledged software with the ability to submit all reporting documents to the relevant government agencies and sponsors.

scholarly journals Blockchain-based Multi-Party Authorization for Accessing IPFS Encrypted Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammar Battah ◽  
Mohammad Madine ◽  
Hamad Alzaabi ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Code ◽  
File Systems ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Encrypted Data ◽  
Shared Data ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Reputation Mechanisms ◽  
Encryption Algorithms ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Malicious Behaviors

Multi-party authorization (MPA) typically involves multiple parties to control and grant access to shared data. MPA is used to solve the insider’s attack problem by ensuring that a single authority or party is not acting alone. Currently, almost all existing implementations of MPA are centralized and fall short in providing logs and events related to provenance of granting permissions in a trusted, secure, immutable, auditable, and decentralized manner. Moreover, for sharing data, proxy re-encryption algorithms are often used to give secure access to encrypted shared data. These schemes and algorithms are also centralized and cannot be trusted. In this paper, we propose a fully decentralized blockchain-based solution in which MPA is implemented using Ethereum smart contracts, and proxy re-encryption algorithms (which are computationally expensive) are implemented using multiple oracles to give access to encrypted shared data stored on a public and decentralized storage platform, such as the Interplanetary File Systems (IPFS). The smart contracts help to validate results based on the majority of encrypted results determined by the oracles. For this, we incorporate reputation mechanisms in the proposed smart contracts to rate the oracles based on their malicious and non-malicious behaviors. We present algorithms along with their full implementation, testing, and validation details. We evaluate the proposed system in terms of security, cost, and generalization to show its reliability and practicality. We make the smart contract source code publicly available on Github.

scholarly journals A Cost Analysis of Internet of Things Sensor Data Storage on Blockchain via Smart Contracts

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
Yeşem Kurt Peker ◽  
Xavier Rodriguez ◽  
James Ericsson ◽  
Suk Jin Lee ◽  
Alfredo J. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Reliable Solution ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Existing Data

Blockchain is a developing technology that can be utilized for secure data storage and sharing. In this work, we examine the cost of Blockchain-based data storage for constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices. We had two phases in the study. In the first phase, we stored data retrieved from a temperature/humidity sensor connected to an Ethereum testnet blockchain using smart contracts in two different ways: first, appending the new data to the existing data, storing all sensor data; and second, overwriting the new data onto the existing data, storing only a recent portion of the data. In the second phase, we stored simulated data from several sensors on the blockchain assuming sensor data is numeric. We proposed a method for encoding the data from the sensors in one variable and compared the costs of storing the data in an array versus storing the encoded data from all sensors in one variable. We also compared the costs of carrying out the encoding within the smart contract versus outside the smart contract. In the first phase, our results indicate that overwriting data points is more cost-efficient than appending them. In the second phase, using the proposed encoding method to store the data from several sensors costs significantly less than storing the data in an array, if the encoding is done outside the smart contract. If the encoding is carried out in the smart contract, the cost is still less than storing the data in an array, however, the difference is not significant. The study shows that even though expensive, for applications where the integrity and transparency of data are crucial, storing IoT sensor data on Ethereum could be a reliable solution.

scholarly journals Subterra:

IDEA JOURNAL ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
Julieanna Preston ◽  
Wayne Barrar
Keyword(s):  
Interior Space ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost

There is perhaps no more extreme an interior space than those located underground. While relieved of the cost and labour to construct an exterior envelope, subterranean space demands that all infrastructure (ventilation, plumbing, electricity and circulation) and all accessories and comforts for human inhabitation (food, water, furnishings) are piped or hauled inside, down into the ground. Except for space stations and some medical facilities, these interiors are some of the most highly technological and artificial realms in the world and yet, ironically enough, they are immersed in the most organic, prehistoric and seemingly ‘natural’ matter at hand.

scholarly journals Blockchain-based Multi-Party Authorization for Accessing IPFS Encrypted Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammar Battah ◽  
Mohammad Madine ◽  
Hamad Alzaabi ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Code ◽  
File Systems ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Encrypted Data ◽  
Shared Data ◽  
Smart Contract ◽  
Reputation Mechanisms ◽  
Encryption Algorithms ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Malicious Behaviors

Multi-party authorization (MPA) typically involves multiple parties to control and grant access to shared data. MPA is used to solve the insider’s attack problem by ensuring that a single authority or party is not acting alone. Currently, almost all existing implementations of MPA are centralized and fall short in providing logs and events related to provenance of granting permissions in a trusted, secure, immutable, auditable, and decentralized manner. Moreover, for sharing data, proxy re-encryption algorithms are often used to give secure access to encrypted shared data. These schemes and algorithms are also centralized and cannot be trusted. In this paper, we propose a fully decentralized blockchain-based solution in which MPA is implemented using Ethereum smart contracts, and proxy re-encryption algorithms (which are computationally expensive) are implemented using multiple oracles to give access to encrypted shared data stored on a public and decentralized storage platform, such as the Interplanetary File Systems (IPFS). The smart contracts help to validate results based on the majority of encrypted results determined by the oracles. For this, we incorporate reputation mechanisms in the proposed smart contracts to rate the oracles based on their malicious and non-malicious behaviors. We present algorithms along with their full implementation, testing, and validation details. We evaluate the proposed system in terms of security, cost, and generalization to show its reliability and practicality. We make the smart contract source code publicly available on Github.

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