scholarly journals CYTOKINE RECOGNITION AND PROFILING IN PATIENTS WITH TUBERCULOUS LYMPHADENOPATHY USING ELISA

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Aheed Khan ◽  
Aanchal Sawhney
Keyword(s):  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Tuberculous Lymphadenitis ◽  
Type 2 Cytokines ◽  
Positive Report ◽  
Th 1 ◽  
Latent Phase

Tuberculosis (TB) is known to persist as latent infection and it is during this latent phase that the bacilli are able to bypass the host immunity and infect extrapulmonary sites such as lymph nodes. This study aims to find the tentative role of the cytokines released by type-1 and type-2 helper lymphocytes in patients of tuberculous lymphadenitis and understand their role and prevalence during immune response against MTB in these patients. Thirty patients with clinically diagnosed and cytologically proven Tuberculous lymphadenitis constituted the cases. Blood sample of 30 cases and 10 healthy volunteers was collected after obtaining written consent and the separated serum was stored at -80°C. ELISA was carried out using the standard method with the serum of these patients for Th-1 cytokines (IL-2 & interferon-γ) and for Th-2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5). The concentrations of the type-1 cytokines, especially INF- γ as well as type-2 cytokines, i.e IL-4 and IL-5 was highly increased in the patients selected. It was also noted that the levels of all the cytokines were increased if the patient had necrosis or AFB positive report on fine needle aspiration as compared to granuloma only report. Patients having tubercular lymphadenopathy show increased INF- γ in the circulation. It was also noted that IL-4 and IL-5 also seem to increase in proportion to the decreased immune status.

scholarly journals Expression of Cd28 and Cd86 by Human Eosinophils and Role in the Secretion of Type 1 Cytokines (Interleukin 2 and Interferon γ)

1999 ◽  
Vol 190 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaëtane Woerly ◽  
Nadine Roger ◽  
Sylvie Loiseau ◽  
David Dombrowicz ◽  
André Capron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costimulatory Molecule ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Immunoregulatory Cytokines ◽  
Type 2 Cytokines ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Blood Eosinophils

Eosinophils are the source of various immunoregulatory cytokines, but the membrane molecules involved in their secretion have not been clearly identified. Here we show that peripheral blood eosinophils from hypereosinophilic patients could express membrane CD86 but not CD80. The T cell costimulatory molecule CD28 is also detected on the eosinophil surface. CD28 ligation but not CD86 ligation resulted in interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ secretion by eosinophils, whereas IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 were not detected. In contrast to T cells requiring two signals for effective stimulation, CD28 ligation alone was sufficient for optimal eosinophil activation. Eosinophil-derived IL-2 and IFN-γ were biologically active, as supernatants from anti-CD28–treated cells were able to induce CTLL-2 proliferation and major histocompatibility complex class II expression on the colon carcinoma cell line Colo 205, respectively. Addition of secretory immunoglobulin (Ig)A–anti-IgA complexes, which could induce the release of IL-10, very significantly inhibited both CD28-mediated IL-2 and IFN-γ release. These results suggest that the release of type 1 (IFN-γ and IL-2) versus type 2 cytokines by eosinophils is not only differential but also dependent on cross-regulatory signals. They confirm that through activation of costimulatory molecules, eosinophils could function as an immunoregulatory cell involved in the release of both type 1 and type 2 cytokines.

scholarly journals Differential Cytokine Pattern in the Spleens and Livers of BALB/c Mice Infected with Penicillium marneffei: Protective Role of Gamma Interferon

2003 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 465-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Sisto ◽  
Annarita Miluzio ◽  
Orazio Leopardi ◽  
Maurizio Mirra ◽  
Johan R. Boelaert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Penicillium Marneffei ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Type 2 Cytokines ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT Penicillium marneffei is an intracellular opportunistic fungus causing invasive mycosis in AIDS patients. T cells and macrophages are important for protection in vivo. However, the role of T-cell cytokines in the immune response against P. marneffei is still unknown. We studied by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR and biological assays the patterns of expression of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the organs of wild-type (wt) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) knockout (GKO) mice infected intravenously with P. marneffei conidia. At 3 × 105 conidia/mouse, a self-limiting infection developed in wt BALB/c mice, whereas all GKO mice died at day 18 postinoculation. Splenic and hepatic granulomas were present in wt mice, whereas disorganized masses of macrophages and yeast cells were detected in GKO mice. The infection resolved faster in the spleens than in the livers of wt mice and was associated with the local expression of type 1 cytokines (high levels of interleukin-12 [IL-12] and IFN-γ) but not type 2 cytokines (low levels of IL-4 and IL-10). Conversely, both type 1 and type 2 cytokines were detected in the livers of wt animals. Disregulation of the cytokine profile was seen in the spleens but not in the livers of GKO mice. The inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA level was low and the TNF-α level was high in both spleens and livers of GKO mice compared to wt mice. These data suggest that the polarization of a protective type 1 immune response against P. marneffei is regulated at the level of individual organs and that the absence of IFN-γ is crucial for the activation of fungicidal macrophages and the development of granulomas.

scholarly journals Initiation of inflammatory tumorigenesis by CTLA4 insufficiency due to type 2 cytokines

2018 ◽  
Vol 215 (3) ◽  
pp. 841-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Miska ◽  
Jen Bon Lui ◽  
Kevin H. Toomer ◽  
Priyadharshini Devarajan ◽  
Xiaodong Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Antitumor Activities ◽  
Type 2 Cytokines ◽  
Immune Therapies ◽  
Type 2 Inflammation

Genetically predisposed CTLA4 insufficiency in humans is associated with gastric cancer development, which is paradoxical to the prototypical role of CTLA4 in suppressing antitumor immunity. CTLA4 is a critical immune checkpoint against autoimmune disorders. Autoimmunity has been implicated in protumor or antitumor activities. Here, we show that CTLA4 insufficiency initiates de novo tumorigenesis in the mouse stomach through inflammation triggered by host-intrinsic immune dysregulation rather than microbiota, with age-associated progression to malignancy accompanied by epigenetic dysregulation. The inflammatory tumorigenesis required CD4 T cells, but not the TH1 or TH17 subsets. Deficiencies in IL-4 and IL-13 or IL-4 receptor α broke the link between inflammation and initiation of tumorigenesis. This study establishes the causality of CTLA4 insufficiency in gastric cancer and uncovers a role of type 2 inflammation in initiating gastric epithelial transformation. These findings suggest possible improvement of immune therapies by blocking tumorigenic type 2 inflammation while preserving antitumor type 1 immunity.

scholarly journals Role of Oral Antioxidant Supplementation in the Current Management of Diabetic Retinopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4020
Author(s):  
Enrique Antonio Alfonso-Muñoz ◽  
Raquel Burggraaf-Sánchez de las Matas ◽  
Jorge Mataix Boronat ◽  
Julio César Molina Martín ◽  
Carmen Desco
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Diabetic Macular Oedema ◽  
Complementary Therapy ◽  
Antioxidant Supplementation ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Adult Type ◽  
Aged People

Oxidative stress has been postulated as an underlying pathophysiologic mechanism of diabetic retinopathy (DR), the main cause of avoidable blindness in working-aged people. This review addressed the current daily clinical practice of DR and the role of antioxidants in this practice. A systematic review of the studies on antioxidant supplementation in DR patients was presented. Fifteen studies accomplished the inclusion criteria. The analysis of these studies concluded that antioxidant supplementation has a IIB level of recommendation in adult Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects without retinopathy or mild-to-moderate nonproliferative DR without diabetic macular oedema as a complementary therapy together with standard medical care.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With Neurofibromatosis Type 2

2021 ◽  
pp. 204589402110295
Author(s):  
Hirohisa Taniguchi ◽  
Tomoya Takashima ◽  
Ly Tu ◽  
Raphaël Thuillet ◽  
Asuka Furukawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Neurofibromatosis Type ◽  
Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
First Time

Although precapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare but severe complication of patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), its association with NF2 remains unknown. Herein, we report a case of a 44-year-old woman who was initially diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and treated with PAH-specific combination therapy. However, a careful assessment for a relevant family history of the disease and genetic testing reveal that this patient had a mutation in the NF2 gene. Using immunofluorescence and Western blotting, we demonstrated a decrease in endothelial NF2 protein in lungs from IPAH patients compared to control lungs, suggesting a potential role of NF2 in PAH development. To our knowledge, this is the first time that precapillary PH has been described in a patient with NF2. The altered endothelial NF2 expression pattern in PAH lungs should stimulate work to better understand how NF2 is contributing to the pulmonary vascular remodeling associated to these severe life-threatening conditions.

The role of modifiable pre-pregnancy risk factors in preventing adverse fetal outcomes among women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes

2009 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 1153-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie E. Inkster ◽  
Tom P. Fahey ◽  
Peter T. Donnan ◽  
Graham P. Leese ◽  
Gary J. Mires ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Fetal Outcomes ◽  
Pregnancy Risk

Keratoprostheses in silicone oil-filled eyes: long-term outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 781-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geetha Iyer ◽  
Bhaskar Srinivasan ◽  
Shweta Agarwal ◽  
Ruchika Pattanaik ◽  
Ekta Rishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Vitreoretinal Surgery ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Visual Rehabilitation ◽  
Two Factors

PurposeTo analyse the functional and anatomical outcomes of different types of keratoprostheses in eyes with retained silicone oil following vitreoretinal surgery.MethodsRetrospective chart review of patients operated with any type of permanent keratoprosthesis (Kpro) in silicone oil-filled eyes between March 2003 and June 2017 were analysed.Results40 silicone oil-filled eyes underwent keratoprostheses, of which 22 were type 1 and 18 were type 2 Kpros (Lucia variant—nine, modified osteo odonto kerato prosthesis (MOOKP)—four, Boston type 2—three and osteoKpro—two) with a mean follow-up of 61.54 , 42.77, 45.25 , 25 and 37 months, respectively. Anatomic retention of the primary Kpro was noted in 33 eyes (82.5%). A best-corrected visual acuity of better than 20/200 and 20/400 was achieved in 26 (65%)+32 (80%) eyes. Retroprosthetic membrane (RPM) was the most common complication noted in 17 eyes (42.5%). Perioptic graft melt was noted in 4 of 22 eyes of the type 1 Kpro (2 (10.5%) without associated ocular surface disorder (OSD)) and in 1 eye each of Boston and Lucia type 2 Kpro. Laminar resorption occurred in one eye each of the MOOKP and OKP groups. Endophthalmitis and glaucoma did not occur in any eye.ConclusionAppropriately chosen keratoprosthesis is a viable option for visual rehabilitation in eyes post vitreoretinal surgery with retained silicone oil-induced keratopathy not amenable to conventional penetrating keratoplasty. Kpro melt among type 1 Kpro did not occur in 89.5% eyes without associated OSD (19 of 22 eyes), despite the lack of aqueous humour and presence of RPM (4 eyes), two factors considered to play a significant role in the causation of sterile melts. Of interest to note was the absence of infection in any of these eyes. The possible protective role of oil from endophthalmitis is interesting, though yet to be ascertained.

Strenuous exercise decreases the percentage of type 1 T cells in the circulation

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 1708-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Steensberg ◽  
Anders Dyhr Toft ◽  
Helle Bruunsgaard ◽  
Marie Sandmand ◽  
Jens Halkjær-Kristensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Plasma Epinephrine ◽  
Lymphocyte Number

Prolonged strenuous exercise is followed by a temporary functional immune impairment. Low numbers of CD4+T helper (Th) and CD8+ T cytotoxic (Tc) cells are found in the circulation. These cells can be divided according to their cytokine profile into type 1 (Th1 and Tc1), which produce interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-2, and type 2 (Th2 and Tc2) cells, which produce IL-4. The question addressed in the present study was whether exercise affected the relative balance between the circulating levels of these cytokine-producing T cells. Nine male runners performed treadmill running for 2.5 h at 75% of maximal oxygen consumption. The intracellular expression of cytokines was detected following stimulation with ionomycin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in blood obtained before, during, and after exercise. The percentage of type 1 T cells in the circulation was suppressed at the end of exercise and 2 h after exercise, whereas no changes were found in the percentage of type 2 T cells. Plasma epinephrine correlated negatively with the percentage of circulating CD8+ T cells producing IL-2, whereas peak IL-6 correlated with the percentage of CD8+ IL-4-producing T cells in the circulation. Peak plasma IL-6 correlated with plasma cortisol postrunning. In conclusion, the postexercise decrease in T lymphocyte number is accompanied by a more pronounced decrease in type 1 T cells, which may be linked to high plasma epinephrine. Furthermore, IL-6 may stimulate type 2 T cells, thereby maintaining a relatively unaltered percentage of these cells in the circulation compared with total circulating lymphocyte number.

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