scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE SPEECH OF THE CHARACTER, PORTRAIT AND LANDSCAPE IN OPENING THE SPIRIT OF THE CHARACTER

2019 ◽  
pp. 12-23
Keyword(s):  
Psychological State ◽  
Stream Of Consciousness ◽  
American Writer ◽  
Existential Interpretation ◽  
The World ◽  
Ray Bradbury ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Literary Phenomenon ◽  
As If

In the works of fiction, the writer creates an artistic world that can happen in life, and shows life and imaginary events in our eyes as if they are true, real, had happened. Sometimes this literary phenomenon requires such an artistic composition that it breaks the boundaries of reality. In the following years, as in all types and genres literature, specific changes, evolutions are taking place in the world of fantasy works, themes, poetics, style, and images. In the works of Ray Bradbury and Hojiakbar Shaikhov, a number of features such as myth, the stream of consciousness, the image of the human's inner world, the existential interpretation, the inner monologue, the chronotope ANNOTATIONion, the dream, the speech of the hero, the portrait and landscape image, the desire to be engaged in a dialogue with the reader can be noticed. In the article, these literary and aesthetic problems are analyzed on the example of the works of American writer Ray Bradberi “451 degree on Fahrenheit”, “The ice and fire”, “Wine from the flower of the Cuckoo” and the stories of one of the founders of Uzbek fiction Hojiakbar Shaikhov “Adjoined worlds”, “The wonderer of the two worlds” “Unknown people”, “Man from the fire” and other fantastic novels, and stories. It is worth noting that the speech of the character of the work is aimed at opening the psychology of the character, in which both the owner of the speech and the speech itself are directed, and that Ray Bradberi and Hojiakbar Shaikhov often try to open the psychological state of their heroes through their speech.

Ч. АЙТМАТОВДУН «ТООЛОР КУЛАГАНДА» РОМАНЫНДАГЫ ПЕЙЗАЖДЫК СҮРӨТТӨӨЛӨР

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-94
Author(s):  
Н. Алтыкеева ◽  
Б. Ниясалиева
Keyword(s):  
Full Moon ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
The World ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Aesthetic Values

Аннотация. Макалада романдын мазмунунан орун алган пейзаждык сүрөттөөлөр талкууланат. Пейзаждык сүрөттөөлөр чыгарманын көркөмдүүлүгүн, эстетикалык баалуулугун арттыруу менен катар эле каармандардын образын тереңден ачып берүүдө, окуялардын өнүгүп-өсүшү жана алдыда боло турган окуялар тууралуу окурманга маалымат берүүдө кошумча каражат катары колдонулат. Жазуучу романда пейзаждык сүрөттөөлөрдү өтө кылдат колдонгону байкалат. Алсак, тоо адамдагы улуулук жана бийиктикти айгинелейт, толукшуган ай жан- дүйнөнүн бөксөрбөй толуп турушун көрсөтөт, ачык асмандын алай-дүлөй түшкөн көрүнүшкө айланышы - каармандын ички сезими, уйгу-туйгу ойлонуусу, жан дүйнөсүнүн бурганак болушун ачып көрсөтүүдө маанилүү болсо, чабалекейлердин тынымсыз учуп чабалакташы, жан алакетке түшүп чыйпылдашы – алдыда боло турган кырсыктуу окуя тууралуу кабар берсе, согуштун апааты жашыл шибердин, бак-дарактардын күлгө айланышы, чымчык-куштардын күздү күтпөй кайдадыр учуп кетип жатышы менен түшүндүрүлөт. Tүйүндүү сөздөр: пейзаж. роман, идея, легенда, эпилог, каарман, негизги окуялар. Аннотация. В статье дается пейзажное описание. Пейзажное описание используется в произведении как дополнительное средство эстетических ценностей и помогает раскрыть образы героев, и действия произведения. Писатель в романе тонко использует пейзажное описание. Например горы возвышенное и самое ценное в человеке, а полная луна – счастливое душевное состояние человека, а превращение безоблачного неба в бущующий вид – указывает, как неспокойно в душе главного героя, его беспокойные мысли, как бушует его внутренний мир, а ласточки неспокойно летающие, предвещают несчастье, птицы улетающие раньше времени, превращение зелёной травы, деревьев в пепел предвещают ужасы войны. Ключевые слова: пейзаж. роман, идея, легенда, эпилог, герой, главное событие Annotation. The article discusses the landscape description. The landscape description is used in the work as an additional tool for aesthetic values and helps to reveal the images of heroes, and in the development of the action of the work/ The writer in the novel subtly uses the landscape description. The mountains are the sublime and the most valuable in a person, and the full moon is a happy state of mind of a person, and the transformation of a cloudless sky into a raging view indicates how restless the soul of the protagonist is, his restless thoughts. How his inner world is raging, and the swallows are restlessly flying, foreshadow the misfortune, the birds flying away ahead of time, the transformation of green grass, trees in the forehead the horrors of war. This article describes the idea of the story "Do not kill" which is given instead of the epilogue in the novel "When the mountains fall" which was written by Ch.Aitmatov. It considers the role of a story that calls to live in peace and to end wars that are occurring in the world. Keywords: Landscapе, novel, idea, legend, epilogue, hero, main event.

scholarly journals Will Public-Private Partnerships Solve Nigeria’s Infrastructure Problems?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
George Nwangwu
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
As If

Nigeria, like most countries around the world, has turned to Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) to finance its infrastructure deficit. However, it appears that the government of Nigeria looks towards PPPs as the major solution to the country’s infrastructure crisis. In a sense PPPs are being sold to the public as if they were free, that the private sector would come in with its funds, provide the desired services and that the problem with the country’s infrastructure would automatically cease. This paper argues that this supposition is a myth and that the role of PPPs in the provision of public infrastructure is more nuanced than is being bandied around. PPPs are not the panacea to all of the country’s infrastructure problems and also are far from being completely free. It is however the case that if appropriately deployed, in most cases PPPs provide some advantages over conventional public sector procurements. This paper explores the different advantages and disadvantages of PPPs and suggests ways in which PPPs may be effectively used to improve the country’s infrastructure with reduced fiscal exposure to government.

scholarly journals The role of play on development and learningOyunun gelişim ve öğrenmedeki rolü

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 3280
Author(s):  
Hülya Pehlivan
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inner World

Games, which are as old as the history of the world, were played all over the world in all periods of history and in all cultures; and will be played in the future. A game which can be rule governed or free of rules, but in which children always participate voluntarily is a part of real life; and is the basis for physical, cognitive, social, linguistic, emotional and social development. Games are the mirrors reflecting the inner world of children, and they are the imaginary environments re-created by children so as to understand their emotions and enthusiasm, distress and relations. A game, which is defined as a field of experimenting in which children test and reinforce what they see, sets up ties with the past and forms a source for the future. Games are regarded as  children’s most important pursuit, and they mean discovering, learning, creating and expressing oneself for children. All materials for playing which introduce regulation into children’s movements, which help them in their physical and psycho-social development, which develop their imagination are described as toys, and toys have important functions in children’s development and in the development of their learning and creativity. Designing playgrounds, which are the locations for effective learning for children,  bring about significant responsibility. Therefore, this fact should be taken into consideration while choosing toys for chidren and while desgning playgrounds, and games should be employed in pre-school education in the light of scientific data.  Özetİnsanlık tarihi kadar eski olan oyun, dünyanın her yerinde, her çağda ve her kültürde oynanmıştır ve oynanmaya da devam edecektir. Oyun, belli bir amaca yönelik olan veya olmayan, kurallı ya da kuralsız gerçekleştirilen fakat her durumda çocuğun isteyerek yer aldığı fiziksel, bilişsel, sosyal, dil, duygusal ve sosyal gelişiminin temeli olan gerçek hayatın bir parçasıdır. Oyun çocuğun iç dünyasının bir aynasıdır ve çocuğun duygu ve coşkularını, üzüntülerini, ilişkilerini anlamak için onların yeniden yarattıkları bir düş ortamıdır. Çocuğun gördüklerini sınadığı ve pekiştirdiği bir deney alanı olarak tanımlanan oyun geçmiş ile bağ kurmakta, gelecek için kaynak oluşturmaktadır. Çocuğun en önemli uğraşı olarak kabul gören oyun, çocuklar için keşfetme, öğrenme, yaratma, kendini ifade etme anlamına gelmektedir. Gelişim basamakları boyunca çocuğun hareketlerine düzen getiren zihinsel, bedensel ve psiko-sosyal gelişimlerinde yardımcı olan, hayal gücünü geliştiren tüm oyun malzemeleri de oyuncak olarak tanımlanır ve oyuncakların çocukların gelişim, öğrenme ve yaratıcılığın gelişmesinde önemli bir işlevi vardır. Çocuk için etkili bir öğrenme mekânı olan oyun alanlarının tasarımlanması önemli bir sorumluluğu beraberinde getirir. Bu nedenle, çocuklara oyuncak seçerken ve oyun alanları dizayn ederken bu durum göz önünde bulundurulmalı ve özellikle okul öncesi eğitimde de bilimsel veriler ışığında oyundan faydalanmalıdır.

Reflection of the inner world of a person in education

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Extra-B) ◽  
pp. 203-209
Author(s):  
Nikolai Nikolaevich Romanov ◽  
Aleksandra Ivanovna Zakharova ◽  
Alexandra Fedorovna Bortnik ◽  
Maria Nikiforovna Romanova ◽  
Vladilena Romanovna Abramova
Keyword(s):  
Information Society ◽  
Research Method ◽  
External Factor ◽  
Human Life ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Internal Motivation ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
The World ◽  
Inner World

The processes of globalization and related integration that are taking place in the world, as well as the transition to the digitalization of all spheres of human life in the information society, adjustments introduced into people's lives, caused by unforeseen situations that cover the whole world, require a revision of the content of modern education. The relevance of the study is related to the need to search for stable support in a person in a constantly changing world, which inevitably leads to studying the role of the internal as related to the external factor in a person in the education system. The purpose of the article is to reveal the role of the inner world of a person in education. The leading research method was the analysis of the existing theoretical provisions and emerging practice in the spheres of pedagogy and education. The results of the study on the analysis of the role and place of the internal (motivation, impetus as the beginning of development, self-ordering) as related to the external (factors, causes, and conditions).

scholarly journals PERAN MANAJEMEN QALBU BAGI PENDIDIK

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
M Faizin
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Role Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Management Concept ◽  
Valuable Thing ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
Good Attitude ◽  
As If

<p>BAHASA INDONESIA:</p><p>Tulisan ini bermaksud mengulas peran manajemen qolbu bagi pendidik (guru). Konsep manajemen qolbu dalam Islam semakna dengan <em>tazkiyatun nufus </em>(pembersihan jiwa). Melalui manajemen qolbu, seseorang dapat diarahkan agar menjadi sangat peka dalam mengelola sekecil apapun potensi yang ada dalam dirinya untuk menjadi sesuatu yang bernilai kemuliaan serta memberi manfaat besar, bagi dirinya dan makhluk Allah yang lain, juga kemaslahatan di dunia dan akhirat. Guru ideal adalah guru yang memiliki motivasi mengajar dengan tulus, yaitu ikhlas dalam mengamalkan ilmunya, bertindak ibarat orang tua yang penuh kasih sayang terhadap anak, dapat mempertimbangkan kemampuan intelektual anak, mampu menggali potensi yang dimiliki anak, bersikap terbuka dan demokratis untuk menerima dan menghargai pendapat anak, dapat bekerjasama dengan anak didik dalam memecahkan masalah, dan ia menjadi tipe ideal atau idola bagi anak didiknya, sehingga anak didik akan mengikuti perbuatan baik yang dilakukan gurunya. Dengan mendengarkan panggilan suara hati, para guru akan menjadi baik, karena suara hati adalah pantulan dari fitrah jiwanya. Melalui hati yang baik ia mampu memahami dan mengembangkan dirinya. Hal ini senantiasa menunjukkan seluruh gerakan dan kiprahnya untuk mendapatkan ridla Allah SWT, sebab tidak ada yang dituju kecuali hanya Allah SWT. Pada akhirnya para guru yang dapat mengelola hatinya (memiliki manajemen qolbu) akan dapat menjadi sosok guru yang “digugu dan ditiru”. Jadi manajemen qolbu sangat signifikan perannya dalam meningkatkan intelektualitas dan religiusitas bagi guru.</p><p> </p><p>ENGLISH:</p><p>This study explains about the role of heart management for educators (teachers). Heart management concept on Islam has same purpose with tazkiyatun nufus (soul maintenance). Trough heart management, people can be directed to be sensitive to manage their small potential to be valuable thing that has big impact not only for themselves, but also for large societies in the world and hereafter. Ideal educator is an honest-straightforward person; she or he is sincere to teach the learners, acts and loves as if real parents, understands the ability of each learner, develops the learners’ potential, open-minded and democratic to receive and respect the learners’ opinions, does teamwork with the learners to solve the problem, and being idol to the learners. Hence, the learners will go along with good attitude of the educators. By understanding heart’s whisper, the educators will be good Muslims, because heart whisper is the mirror of the fitrah soul. Through kind heart, the educators can understand and develop themselves. This case shows that all of their actions and services only because of Allah. Finally, the educators can manage their hearts, and then they can be good role model for the learners. Accordingly, heart management has significant role in increasing intellectual and religious for the educators.</p>

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF EDUCATION IN PROTECTING YOUTH FROM DESTRUCTIVE IDEAS

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
Durbek RAkHIMDjANOV
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
False Information ◽  
Spiritual World ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich

Today, in the era of globalization, one of the urgent tasks that intellectuals are facing is educating young people in the spirit of patriotism by using the rich spiritual heritage of our ancestors. To achieve this goal, it is important to study the spiritual world of a person taking into account his psychological state along with the use of wisdom and precious life instructions reflected in written sources. The article pays special attention to the fact that the knowledge taught to young people should be focused on the development of high morality in them, the formation of skills and competence to independently obtain, sort reliable information, and distinguish it from false information. The article also mentions the operation «Mehr” (mercy), as a result of which people were returned to their homeland, who left their country and went to the “hot spots” of the world under the influence of various alien ideas and seeing the bitter consequences, repented of their actions. The article is devoted to what needs to be done to return the people who went the wrong way due to alien ideas and rehabilitate them and make them active members of society. It shows that government agencies, mahalla, and everyone, in general, are responsible for this person. We also studied foreign experience in this regard. The article provides illustrative examples of what methods are used by extremist groups to attract people to their destructive ideas. The article gives recommendations on how to resist such tricks. The main goals and ideas of destructive groups, which distort religious sources and verses of the Koran to fulfill their interests, are indicated.

scholarly journals Children of “Toxic Parents”: An Attempt of Interpretation of “The Unconsoled” by Kazuo Ishiguro

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 281-301
Author(s):  
Barbara Myrdzik
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Kazuo Ishiguro ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Professional Success ◽  
Life Problems ◽  
The World ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Professional Fulfillment ◽  
The City

The article constitutes an attempt to interpret the novel by Kazuo Ishiguro The Unconsoled – a work with a complex plot and a multi-threaded structure, typical for a composition stretched on the frame of the rhizome-like labyrinth and the motif of memory imperfections. The labyrinth is a space of strangeness, of being lost. It is a journey of the main character who wanders around various spaces of the city and hotel (which performs a variety of functions), meets many random people and listens to their accounts. The life problems of the city’s inhabitants indicate the eternal truth, according to which a man cannot live without understanding, without talking to someone kind who has the ability to listen. They were looking for someone who would listen and understand them, someone who would kindly respond to their problems. It may also be assumed that living in a world without the feeling of a lack of transcendence, the inhabitants were looking for an authority like a messiah who would indicate the direction of renewal in the world of chaos and who would answer the question: How to live? The novel describes a cultural crisis triggered by the feeling of a fundamental contradiction between the world of scientific truths and the inner world of every human being. Values such as faith, friendship, selflessness, truthfulness or family, to which Ishiguro pays a lot of attention, have been lost. “Toxic parents” are shown in multiple configurations: on the example of Ryder’s parents, or Ryder himself as the father of Boris and Stephan Hoffman. The author shows one of the major causes of the paternity crisis, namely the cult of professional success. Professional success and rivalry connected with it completely absorb Ryder’s life and activities. As a result of the pursuit of professional fulfillment, the role of emotional ties in his life becomes less significant, they almost disappear. It may be assumed that, using the example of the crisis in the described city, Ishiguro presents the contemporary world, which lost the sense of life; however, he did not limit it to the lost past. The world in which all attempts to search for a new form of expression and valorization end in failure. It is a labyrinthine, objectified world which is only given outside, a world of showing off and a “game” of pretending, without honesty and simplicity. It is a place dominated by a pose and culture of narcissism, full of inauthenticity, artificiality and appearance. In addition, The Unconsoled is a poignant novel about human loneliness.

scholarly journals IMAGES AT WORK: NARRATIVES IN WORDS AND PICTURES

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavina Cherchi
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Italo Calvino ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Aby Warburg ◽  
Work Narratives ◽  
As If

Images are not innocent. Even though they arise from us, and often are made by us, they face and challenge us as if they lived a life of their own. Once they have appeared or have been produced, they acquire separate existence and indisputable reality of independent beings, which populate and shape our outer and inner world. As sensitive or imagined bodies they enter in resonance with our own sentient and imagining body. Human body is indeed the “locus of images” incessantly moving and acting on the ever-changing scene of our memory and imagination (i.e. of our own ‘fluctuating’ Self): thereby images are responsible for what we are as well as for what we wish (or dream) to be. Images are not innocent because they are neither inert nor lifeless. We are never safe in the presence of images: they can be alluring or frightening, reassuring or threatening, familiar or disquieting, lifesaving or harmful; they can impede or elicit action. Such irreducible ontological problematic, yet unmistakably empathic, nature of our relationship with images, is, in this essay, surveyed in the light of the reflections of Aby Warburg and Italo Calvino. Warburg’s theory of Pathosformeln and Calvino’s account of the role of visual images in his own verbal narratives, then provide the theoretical horizon for interpreting the narration by images sculpted by the medieval architect Biduinus on the façade of the XII century church of Saint Casciano of Cascina, near Pisa, and thereby unfolding the symbolical, iconological and metaphysical implications of its powerfully empathic imagery.

scholarly journals PETER VAN INWAGEN’S FIVE THESES OF BEING AND HIS CONTROVERSY WITH THE EXISTENTIALPHENOMENOLOGICAL TRADITION

2019 ◽  
pp. 180-193
Author(s):  
Maxim A. Gusev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Phenomenological Tradition ◽  
Analytic Tradition ◽  
Ontological Question ◽  
The World ◽  
Inner World ◽  
As If

The article considers P. van Inwagen’s theses about being, including the thesis «being is not an activity». In formulating that Inwagen argues with the existential-phenomenological tradition. The article aims to investigate the causes of the misunderstanding between Inwagen and the existential-phenomenological tradition. It is shown that Inwagen treats this tradition as if it were an «objectivist» approach, just like the analytic tradition but presenting another answer to Inwagen’s meta-ontological question. Ignoring the radical difference between the existential-phenomenological approach and the analytical, «objectivistic» approach leads Inwagen to misunderstanding of Heidegger’s statements about being. From the «objectivist» analytical standpoint, the question of existence has nothing to do with the course of our experience, with fact something has been given to us, or with giving meaning to something, etc. That is why Inwagen wonders how existence can be associated with an «activity» at all. For the same reason, Inwagen does not understand why the existential-phenomenological tradition’s adherents talk about some differences in such «activities». From Inwagen’s point of view, all the differences lie in the «nature» of things, not in being. From the «objectivist» point of view, it seems exactly like that, because it is impossible to understand «from the outside», for example, the convergence of awareness and being-in-the-world. Within Inwagen’s objectivist position, Heidegger’s philosophy can only be comprehended as anthropology or psychology, which are studies limited to the topic of human beings or their inner world. The article concludes that although one can deny the phenomenological approach in general, but it is possible to show from the inside of that approach that what Heidegger says in his philosophy is, firstly, meaningful and, secondly, relates to ontology and not to anthropology or psychology.

scholarly journals الائتلاف والاختلاف في الأمثال العربية واليوربوية: دراسة مقارنAL-I’TILAF WA AL-IKHTILAF FI AL-AMTSAL AL-ARABIYAH WA AL-YORUBIYYAH: DIRASAH MUQARANAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-380
Author(s):  
S. Muhammad Jumahalaso
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Literary Phenomenon ◽  
As If

      الأمثال مجموعة من أفكار الشعوب وعاداتها وعقائدها وتقاليدها المتوارثة جيلاً بعد جيل، وهي مرآة تعكس ثقافات الشعوب بصفة عامة، ومن أكثر أساليب التعبير الشعبية انتشارا وشيوعا، وأقدرها على مساعدة المتكلم للوصول إلى هدفه بأقل جهد وفي أقصر وقت. وقد حظيت الأمثال باهتمام كبير وعناية عظيمة لدى الأدباء العرب وحكمائها وشعرائها نظرا للأهمية التي تكتسبها في الثقافة العربية لما فيها من إيجاز اللفظ وإصابة المعنى وغيرها. وكما تهتم العرب بفن المثل وبحسن استعماله في كلامهم، كذا الشعب اليوربوي القاطنون في الجنوب الغربي لدولة نيجيريا يولون استخدام الأمثال في ثنايا حديثهم اهتماما أعظم وعناية كبرى لأن المثل عند حصان الكلام الذي يركبه المتكلم إلى هدفه. ولأهمية المثل لدى الشعبين جاءت هذه الدراسة لتتناول المثل من حيث مفهومه، وأنواعه، ومصادره، وكيفية استعماله في الكلام لدى الشعبين. وقد نسج الباحث في جمع مواد الدراسة وفحصها وتحليلها على منوال المنهج الوصفي مع الاستعانة بالمنهج التاريخي. ومما توصلت إليه الدراسة من النتائج أن المثل ظاهرة أدبية شعبية وعالية عرفتها شعوب العالم وبالأخص الشعب العربي واليوربوي، وأن مفهومه وأنواعه وخصائصه متقاربة جدا، وأن غالبية أمثال أمة أو شعب يتكرر بألفاظها وبمعنانيها في أمثال الشعوب الأخرى مع اختلاف عروقها ولغاتها وتباعد أماكنها. Proverbs are collection of peoples' customs, beliefs, and traditions inherited from one generation to another and one of the most popular methods of expression assisting the speaker effectively and efficiently. Proverbs have received great attention and concern among the Arabs. Similarly, the Yoruba people of Nigeria are interested in proverb and its good usage in every task, as according to them, it is as if a horse of speech which the speaker rides to his goal. By virtue of the importance of proverb among them, this study addresses proverb in terms of its concept, types, sources, and how it is used in their speech. In the collection, examination and analysis of data, the researcher makes use of the descriptive and historical methods. Among of the research findings are: (i) proverb is a literary phenomenon popularly known and used by peoples in the world, particularly in Arab and Yoruba. (ii) The concept, types, and characteristics of proverbs among the two nations are very close, and (iii) Most of their proverbs are repeated by others, despite the difference in their customs, languages and geographical area.

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