scholarly journals Fluoroscopic Epidural Injections in Cervical Spinal Stenosis: Preliminary Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Control Trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 1;15 (1;1) ◽  
pp. E59-E70
Author(s):  
Laxmaiah Manchikanti
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Spinal Stenosis ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Chronic Neck Pain ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Epidural Injections ◽  
Significant Pain ◽  
Group I ◽  
Cervical Spinal Stenosis ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Cervical spinal stenosis is a common disease that results in considerable morbidity and disability. There are multiple modalities of treatments, including surgical interventions and multiple interventional techniques including epidural injections. The literature on the effectiveness of cervical epidural steroids is sporadic. Emerging evidence for cervical interlaminar epidurals for various conditions in the cervical spine is positive; however, the effect of fluoroscopic epidural injections in cervical spinal stenosis has not been studied. Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, active control trial. Setting: A private interventional pain management practice, a specialty referral center in the United States. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of cervical interlaminar epidural injections with local anesthetic with or without steroids in the management of chronic neck pain with upper extremity pain in patients with cervical central spinal stenosis. Methods: Patients with cervical central spinal stenosis were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups: injection of local anesthetic only or local anesthetic mixed with non-particulate betamethasone. Sixty patients were included in this analysis. Randomization was performed by computer-generated random allocation sequence by simple randomization. Outcomes Assessment: Multiple outcome measures were utilized including the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Neck Disability Index (NDI), employment status, and opioid intake with assessment at 3, 6, and 12 months post-treatment. Significant pain relief or functional status was defined as a 50% or more reduction of NRS or NDI scores. Results: Significant pain relief was seen in 73% in Group I and 70% in Group II, in Group II showing both significant pain relief and functional status improvements. Group I’s average relief per procedures was 11.3 ± 5.8 weeks; for Group II it was 8.6 ± 3.6 weeks, whereas after initial 2 procedures, average relief was 13.7 ± 8.7 weeks in Group I, and 13.6 ± 4.7 weeks in Group II. In the successful group, the average total relief in a one-year period was 42.2 ± 14.7 weeks in Group I and 34.3 ± 13.4 weeks in Group II, with 76% in Group I and 77% in Group II. Limitations: Study limitations include the lack of a placebo group and that this is a preliminary report of only 60 patients, 30 in each group. Conclusion: Patients who have chronic function-limiting pain that is secondary to cervical central stenosis might receive relief with cervical interlaminar epidurals of local anesthetic, whether with or without steroids. Key words: Chronic neck pain, cervical disc herniation, cervical stenosis, cervical central stenosis, cervical epidural injections, epidural steroids, local anesthetics

scholarly journals Fluoroscopic Cervical Interlaminar Epidural Injections in Managing Chronic Pain of Cervical Postsurgery Syndrome: Preliminary Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Control Trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 1;15 (1;1) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Laxmaiah Manchikanti
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Neck Pain ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Chronic Neck Pain ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Epidural Injections ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Neck Disability

Background: Cervical postsurgery syndrome is common with increasing cervical surgical interventions. Cervical spine surgery may fail in a certain proportion of patients with continued pain secondary to pseudoarthrosis, adjacent segment degeneration, inadequate decompression, iatrogenic instability, facet joint arthritis, deformity, and spinal stenosis. Among the various treatments available for managing cervical postsurgery syndrome, epidural steroid injections are one of the most common nonsurgical interventions. However there have not been any systematic evaluations regarding the effectiveness of cervical epidural injections in cervical postsurgery syndrome. Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, active control trial. Setting: A specialty referral, private interventional pain management practice in the United States. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of cervical interlaminar epidural injections of local anesthetic with or without steroids in providing effective and long-lasting relief in the management of chronic neck pain and upper extremity pain in patients with cervical postsurgery syndrome, and to evaluate the differences between local anesthetic with or without steroids. Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups: Group I patients received cervical interlaminar epidural injections of local anesthetic (lidocaine 0.5%, 5 mL); Group II patients received cervical interlaminar epidural injections with 0.5% lidocaine, 4 mL, mixed with 1 mL of nonparticulate betamethasone. The study was designed to include 120 patients with 60 patients in each group. This analysis includes 56 patients. Randomization was performed by computer-generated, random allocation sequence by simple randomization. Outcomes Assessment: Outcome measures included the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Neck Disability Index (NDI), employment status, and opioid intake. Assessments at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months posttreatment. Significant pain relief was defined as 50% or more; significant improvement in NDI was defined as a reduction of 50% or more. Results: Significant pain relief (≥ 50%) was demonstrated in 71% of patients in Group I and 68% of patients in Group II. Functional status improvement was demonstrated by a reduction (> 50%) in the NDI scores in 71% of Group I and 64% of Group II at 12 months. The overall average procedures per year were 4.0 ± 0.7 in Group I and 4.1 ± 1.0 in Group II; the average total relief per year was 39.6 ± 11.8 weeks in Group I and 41.2 ± 15.8 weeks in Group II over the 52 week study period in the patients defined as successful. In the successful group, the combined pain relief and neck disability improvement was seen in 87% in Group I and 72% of the patients in Group II. Limitations: The study results are limited by the lack of a placebo group and a preliminary report of 56 patients, 28 in each group. Conclusion: Cervical interlaminar epidural injections with local anesthetic with or without steroids were effective in 67% of patients overall and 87% in Group I and 72% in Group II, in successful group patients with chronic function-limiting neck pain and upper extremity pain secondary to cervical postsurgery syndrome. Key words: Chronic neck pain, upper extremity pain, cervical disc herniation, cervical spinal stenosis, cervical postsurgery syndrome, cervical epidural injections, epidural steroids, local anesthetics.

scholarly journals Preliminary Results of a Randomized, Equivalence Trial of Fluoroscopic Caudal Epidural Injections in Managing Chronic Low Back Pain: Part 2 — Disc Herniation and Radiculitis

2008 ◽  
Vol 6;11 (12;6) ◽  
pp. 801-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laxmaiah Manchikanti
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Disc Herniation ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Epidural Injections ◽  
Significant Pain ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Caudal Epidural

Background: The pathophysiology of lumbar radicular pain is a subject of ongoing research. The prevalence of sciatica or radiculitis ranges from 1.2% to 43%. Epidural injections are one of the most commonly performed interventions in the United States in managing chronic low back and lower extremity pain secondary to disc herniation and radiculitis. There is a paucity of evidence with contemporary methodology used in performing epidural injections under fluoroscopy and based on pain relief and functional status improvement. Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, equivalence trial. Setting: An interventional pain management practice, a specialty referral center, a private practice setting in the United States. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of caudal epidural injections with or without steroids in managing chronic low back and lower extremity pain secondary to disc herniation or radiculitis in providing effective and long-lasting pain relief and evaluate the differences between local anesthetic with or without steroids. Methods: Patients were assigned to one of 2 groups; Group I patients received caudal epidural injections with an injection of local anesthetic (lidocaine 0.5%), whereas, Group II patients received caudal epidural injections with 0.5% lidocaine 9 mL mixed with 1 mL of steroid. Randomization was performed by computer-generated random allocations sequence by simple randomization. Outcomes Assessment: Multiple outcome measures were utilized which included the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Oswestry Disability Index 2.0 (ODI), employment status, and opioid intake with assessment at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months post-treatment. Significant pain relief was defined as 50% or more, whereas significant improvement in disability score was defined as a reduction of 40% or more. Results: The percentage of patients with significant pain relief of 50% or greater at 12 months was 79% in Group I and 81% in Group II. Reduction of Oswestry scores of at least 40% was seen in 83% of the patients in Group I and 91% in Group II. The overall average procedures per year were 3.9 ± 1.26 in Group I and 3.6 ± 1.08 in Group II with an average total relief per year of 35.2 ± 17.18 weeks in Group I and 35.9 ± 15.34 weeks in Group II over a period of 52 weeks. Limitations: The results of this study are limited by lack of a placebo group and a preliminary report of 42 patients in each group. Conclusion: Caudal epidural injections with or without steroids may be effective in patients with disc herniation or radiculitis with between 79% to 91% of patients showing significant pain relief and improvement in functional status. Key words: Chronic low back pain, disc herniation, radiculitis, lower extremity pain, caudal epidural injections, epidural steroids, local anesthetic

scholarly journals Cervical Epidural Injections in Chronic Discogenic Neck Pain Without Disc Herniation or Radiculitis: Preliminary Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial

2010 ◽  
Vol 4;13 (4;7) ◽  
pp. E265-E278
Author(s):  
Laxmaiah Manchikanti
Keyword(s):  
Neck Pain ◽  
Disc Herniation ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Facet Joint ◽  
Chronic Neck Pain ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Epidural Injections ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Facet Joint Pain

Background: Chronic neck pain is a common problem in the adult population with a typical 12- month prevalence of 30% to 50%. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding the causes and treatments of chronic neck pain. Despite limited evidence, cervical epidural injections are one of the commonly performed nonsurgical interventions in the management of chronic neck pain. Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, active control trial. Setting: An interventional pain management practice, a specialty referral center, a private practice setting in the United States. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of cervical interlaminar epidural injections with local anesthetic with or without steroids in the management of chronic neck pain with or without upper extremity pain in patients without disc herniation or radiculitis or facet joint pain. Methods: Patients without disc herniation or radiculitis and negative for facet joint pain by means of controlled diagnostic medial branch blocks were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups: injection of local anesthetic only or local anesthetic mixed with non-particulate betamethasone. Seventy patients were included in this analysis. Randomization was performed by computer-generated random allocation sequence by simple randomization. Outcomes Assessment: Multiple outcome measures were utilized including the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Neck Disability Index (NDI), employment status, and opioid intake with assessment at 3, 6, and 12 months post-treatment. Significant pain relief or functional status was defined as a 50% or more reduction. Results: Significant pain relief (≥ 50%) was demonstrated in 80% of patients in both groups and functional status improvement (> 50%) in 69% of Group I and 80% of Group II. The overall average procedures per year were 3.9 ± 1.01 in Group I and 3.9 ± 0.8 in Group II with an average total relief per year of 40.3 ± 14.1 weeks in Group I and 42.1 ± 9.9 weeks in Group II over a period of 52 weeks in the successful group. Limitations: The results of this study are limited by the lack of a placebo group and that it is a preliminary report of 70 patients, with 35 patients in each group. Conclusion: Cervical interlaminar epidural injections with local anesthetic with or without steroids may be effective in patients with chronic function-limiting discogenic. Key words: Chronic neck pain, cervical disc herniation, cervical discogenic pain, cervical epidural injections, epidural steroids, local anesthetics

scholarly journals Lumbar Interlaminar Epidural Injections in Central Spinal Stenosis: Preliminary Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Control Trial

2012 ◽  
Vol 1;15 (1;1) ◽  
pp. 51-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laxmaiah Manchikanti
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Spinal Stenosis ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Epidural Injections ◽  
Lower Extremity Pain ◽  
Group I ◽  
Successful Group ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Chronic, persistent low back and lower extremity pain is often caused by spinal stenosis. Surgery and other interventions, including epidural injections, have been used to relieve this pain. However, there is little in the medical literature to support interlaminar, or transforaminal epidural injections under fluoroscopy for managing lumbar pain of central spinal stenosis, while the caudal epidural approach has been studied. Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, active control trial. Setting: A private, interventional pain management practice, specialty referral center in the United States. Objective: This study sought to determine if low back and lower extremity pain secondary to lumbar central stenosis can be managed and long-lasting pain relief can be achieved with interlaminar epidural injections of local anesthetic, with or without steroids. Methods: The study comprised 2 groups: one that received local anesthetic only and another received local anesthetic combined with nonparticulate betamethasone. A total of 120 patients were randomized by a computer-generated random allocations sequence to one of the 2 groups. The results of 30 patients in each group were assessed. Outcomes Assessment: Sixty patients were included in this analysis. Outcomes measurements were taken at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months post-treatment. Measurements taken were Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Oswestry Disability Index 2.0 (ODI), employment status and opioid intake. A decrease in both the NRS and ODI of ≥ 50% was considered significant. Results: Significant pain relief and improvement in ODI scores were seen in both groups at 12 months. Group I’s significant pain relief was 70%; Group II’s was 63%. The significant ODI improvement in Group I was 70%; in Group II it was 60%. Group I patients on average received 3.8 procedures a year; Group II patients received 4.0 procedures a year in successful group. Over 52 weeks in the successful group, total relief for Group I was 40.8 ± 11.7 weeks; for Group II it was 37.1 ± 12.6 weeks. Combined pain relief and functional status improvement were seen in 80% of patients in Group I and 72% in Group II in successful group. Limitations: The lack of a placebo group and preliminary results are limitations. Conclusion: Patients might benefit from receiving lumbar interlaminar injections with or without steroids for lumbar central spinal stenosis. Key words: Chronic low back pain, lower extremity pain, lumbar spinal stenosis, central stenosis, lumbar interlaminar epidural injections, epidural steroids, local anesthetic.

scholarly journals https://painphysicianjournal.com/current

2020 ◽  
Vol 4;23 (7;4) ◽  
pp. 335-348
Author(s):  
Nicholas Van Halm-Lutterodt
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Neck Pain ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Spinal Stenosis ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Chronic Neck Pain ◽  
Epidural Injections ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Chronic neck pain is reportedly considered the fourth leading cause of disability. Cervical interlaminar epidural injections are among the commonly administered nonsurgical interventions for managing chronic neck pain, secondary to disc herniation and radiculitis, spinal stenosis, or chronic neck pain of discogenic origin. Objectives: To systematically review the differences in the effectiveness of cervical epidural injections with local anesthetics with or without steroids for the management of chronic neck pain. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: A comprehensive search of the literature of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared epidural injections with local anesthetic with or without steroids was performed, including a search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases for all years up to May 2019. Meta-analysis was done for pain relief based on the Numeric Rating Scale, functional status based on the Neck Disability Index, and opioid intake dosage. Results: Four studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 370 patients were divided into 2 groups: the experimental group received cervical epidural injection with steroid and local anesthetic, and the control group received injection with local anesthetic only. Regrading pain relief, no significant difference was observed between both groups (weighted mean difference [WMD], –0.006; 95% confidence interval (CI), –0.275 to 0.263; P = 0.963; I2 = 0.0% at 12 months). There was also no significant difference in the improvement of the functional status (WMD, 0.159; 95% CI, –1.231 to 1.549; P = 0.823; I2 = 9.8% at 12 months). Similarly, there was no significant difference in opioid dosage (WMD, –0.093; 95% CI, –5.952 to 5.766; P = 0.975; I2 = 0.0% at 12 months). Limitations: Only a few studies on this premise were found in the literature. There was also a lack of heterogeneity of the included RCT studies. Conclusions: The addition of steroids to anesthetic injectates was not associated with better pain and functional score outcomes compared with anesthetic injectate alone in patients with chronic neck pain. Key words: Chronic neck pain, cervical radiculopathy, cervical disc disease, spinal stenosis, facet joint pathology, cervical epidural injections, steroid injections, local anesthetic injections, systematic review, meta-analysis, randomized control trial

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Fluoroscopic Cervical Interlaminar Epidural Injections in Managing Chronic Cervical Disc Herniation and Radiculitis: Preliminary Results of a Randomized, DoubleBlind, Controlled Trial

2010 ◽  
Vol 3;13 (3;5) ◽  
pp. 223-236
Author(s):  
Laxmaiah Manchikanti
Keyword(s):  
Neck Pain ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Disc Herniation ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Chronic Neck Pain ◽  
Cervical Disc Herniation ◽  
Cervical Disc ◽  
Epidural Injections ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Chronic neck pain is a common problem in the adult population with a typical 12- month prevalence of 30% to 50%. Cervical disc herniation and radiculitis is one of the common conditions described responsible for chronic neck and upper extremity pain. Cervical epidural injections for managing chronic neck pain with disc herniation are one of the commonly performed non-surgical interventions in the United States. However, the literature supporting cervical interlaminar epidural steroids in managing chronic neck pain is scant. Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Setting: A private interventional pain management practice and specialty referral center in the United States. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of cervical interlaminar epidural injections of local anesthetic with or without steroids in providing effective and long-lasting relief in the management of chronic neck pain and upper extremity pain in patients with disc herniation and radiculitis, and to evaluate the differences between local anesthetic with or without steroids. Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups: Group I patients received cervical interlaminar epidural injections of local anesthetic (lidocaine 0.5%, 5 mL); Group II patients received cervical interlaminar epidural injections with 0.5% lidocaine, 4 mL, mixed with 1 mL of nonparticulate betamethasone. Outcomes Assessment: Multiple outcome measures were utilized. They included the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Neck Disability Index (NDI), employment status, and opioid intake. Assessments were done at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months post-treatment. Significant pain relief was defined as 50% or more; significant improvement in disability score was defined as a reduction of 50% or more. Results: Significant pain relief (≥ 50%) was demonstrated in 77% of patients in both groups. Functional status improvement was demonstrated by a reduction (> 50%) in the NDI scores in 74% of Group I and 71% of Group II at 12 months. The overall average procedures per year were 3.7 ± 1.1 in Group I and 4.0 ± 0.91 in Group II; the average total relief per year was 39.45 ± 11.59 weeks in Group I and 41.06 ± 11.56 weeks in Group II over the 52 week study period in the patients defined as successful. The initial therapy was considered to be successful if a patient obtained consistent relief with 2 initial injections lasting at least 4 weeks. All others were considered failures. Limitations: The study results are limited by the lack of a placebo group and a preliminary report of 70 patients, 35 in each group. Conclusion: Cervical interlaminar epidural injections with local anesthetic with or without steroids might be effective in 77% of patients with chronic function-limiting neck pain and upper extremity pain secondary to cervical disc herniation and radiculitis. Key words: Chronic neck pain, cervical disc herniation, upper extremity pain, cervical epidural injections, epidural steroids, local anesthetics

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Thoracic Medial Branch Blocks in Managing Chronic Pain: A Preliminary Report of a Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial; Clinical Trial NCT00355706

2008 ◽  
Vol 4;11 (8;4) ◽  
pp. 491-504
Author(s):  
Laxmaiah Manchikanti
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Facet Joint ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Functional Improvement ◽  
Medial Branch ◽  
Thoracic Pain ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Pain ◽  
Group I

Background: Thoracic facet joints have been implicated as the source of chronic pain in the mid back or upper back in 34% to 48% of the patients. Various therapeutic techniques utilized in managing chronic thoracic pain of facet joint origin include intraarticular injections, medial branch blocks, and radiofrequency neurotomy of thoracic facet joint nerves. Objective: To determine the clinical effectiveness of therapeutic local anesthetic medial branch blocks with or without steroid in managing chronic function-limiting mid back or upper back pain of facet joint origin. Design: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Setting: An interventional pain management private practice, a tertiary referral center, in the United States. Methods: A total of 48 patients were included, with 24 patients in each of the local anesthetic and steroid groups. All of the patients met the diagnostic criteria of thoracic facet joint pain by means of comparative, controlled diagnostic blocks and the inclusion criteria. Group I patients received thoracic medial branch blocks with bupivacaine, whereas Group II patients received thoracic medial branch blocks with bupivacaine and non-particulate betamethasone. Outcome Measures: Numeric pain scores (NRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), opioid intake, and return to work status. All outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. Significant pain relief was defined as > 50% pain relief. Significant functional improvement was defined as 40% reduction of ODI. Results: In Group I, 79% of patients showed significant pain relief and functional improvement at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months, a significant change from baseline. In Group II, 83%, 81%, and 79% of patients showed significant pain relief and functional improvement at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months, a significant change from baseline. The majority of the patients experienced significant pain relief of 46 to 50 weeks, requiring approximately 3 to 4 treatments with an average relief of 16 weeks per episode of treatment. Conclusion: The majority of the patients in both groups experienced significant pain relief and improvement in functional status. Therapeutic thoracic medial branch blocks, with or without steroid, may provide a management option for chronic function-limiting mid back or upper back pain of facet joint origin. Key words: Chronic spinal pain, thoracic pain, thoracic facet or zygapophysial joint pain, facet joint nerve or medial branch blocks, comparative controlled local anesthetic blocks, therapeutic thoracic medial branch blocks

scholarly journals Preliminary Results of a Randomized, DoubleBlind, Controlled Trial of Fluoroscopic Lumbar Interlaminar Epidural Injections in Managing Chronic Lumbar Discogenic Pain Without Disc Herniation or Radiculitis

2010 ◽  
Vol 4;13 (4;7) ◽  
pp. E279-E292
Author(s):  
Laxmaiah Manchikanti
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Disc Herniation ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Chronic Low Back Pain ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Epidural Injections ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Low back pain without disc herniation is the most common problem among chronic pain disorders. Epidural injections are commonly used interventions in managing chronic low back pain without disc herniation. However, little evidence exists regarding the effectiveness, indications, and medical necessity of lumbar epidural injections in managing axial low back pain without disc herniation or radiculitis. Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Setting: An interventional pain management practice, a specialty referral center, a private practice setting in the United States. Objectives: To evaluate the ability to provide effective and long-lasting pain relief with lumbar interlaminar epidural injections with local anesthetic with or without steroids in managing chronic low back pain not caused by disc herniation or radiculitis. Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups with Group I patients receiving local anesthetic only, whereas Group II patients received local anesthetic mixed with non-particulate betamethasone. Seventy patients were included in this analysis. Randomization was performed by computer-generated random allocation sequence by simple randomization. Outcomes Assessment: Outcome measures included the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Oswestry Disability Index 2.0 (ODI), employment status, and opioid intake. The assessments were done at baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months post-treatment. Significant pain relief and/or improvement in disability were defined as at least 50% improvement. Results: Significant pain relief (≥ 50%) was demonstrated in 74% of patients in Group I and 63% in Group II. Functional status improvement (reduction of ≥ 50%) in the ODI scores was seen in 71% of patients in Group I and 60% of patients in Group II. The overall average procedures per year were approximately 4. Limitations: The results of this study are limited by the lack of a placebo group and that it is a preliminary report of 35 patients in each group with a total of 70 patients. Conclusion: Lumbar interlaminar epidural injections of local anesthetic with or without steroids was effective in 63% and 74% of patients with chronic function-limiting low back pain without facet joint pain, disc herniation, and/or radiculitis. Key words: Chronic low back pain, lumbar interlaminar epidural injections, discogenic pain, disc herniation, radiculitis, local anesthetic, steroids, controlled comparative local anesthetic blocks

scholarly journals Results of 2-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial of Fluoroscopic Caudal Epidural Injections In Central Spinal Stenosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 5;15 (5;9) ◽  
pp. 371-384
Author(s):  
Laxmaiah Manchikanti
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Spinal Stenosis ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Epidural Injections ◽  
Group I ◽  
Successful Group ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Caudal Epidural

Background: Lumbar spinal stenosis is one of the most common causes of low back pain among older adults and can cause significant disability. Despite its prevalence, there is a paucity of literature concerning the treatment of spinal stenosis symptoms. Multiple interventions, including surgery and interventional techniques such as epidural injections and adhesiolysis, are commonly utilized in managing pain related to central spinal stenosis. However, there is a paucity of literature from randomized, controlled trials about the effectiveness of epidural injections for lumbar central spinal stenosis. Objective: This study sought to assess the effectiveness of caudal epidural injections with or without steroids in providing effective and long-lasting pain relief for the management of chronic low back pain related to lumbar central stenosis. Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial. Methods: One hundred patients were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups, with Group I patients receiving caudal epidural injections of local anesthetic (lidocaine 0.5%), whereas Group II patients received caudal epidural injections with 0.5% lidocaine 9 mL mixed with 1 mL of steroid, 6 mg (non-particulate betamethasone). Outcomes Assessment: Multiple outcome measures, including the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NRS), the Oswestry Disability Index 2.0 (ODI), employment status, and opioid intake were utilized. Assessments were carried out at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months posttreatment. The primary outcome was defined as pain relief and improvement in disability scores of 50% or more. Successful treatment was considered as at least 3 weeks of relief following the first 2 injections, categorizing these patients into a successful group, and others into a failed group. Results: Significant pain relief and functional status improvement were seen in 51% in Group I and 57% in Group II at the end of 2 years in the successful group when the participants were separated into successful and failed groups. However, overall, significant pain relief and functional status improvement (≥ 50%) was demonstrated in 38% in Group I and 44% in Group II at the end of 2 years. The overall number of procedures for 2 years were 4 in both groups, with 5 procedures on average in the successful groups, and approximately 60 weeks of relief in Group I and 54 weeks of relief in Group II at 2 years in the successful group. Conclusion: Caudal epidural injections of local anesthetic with or without steroids provide relief in a modest proportion of patients undergoing the treatment and may be considered as an effective treatment for a select group of patients who have chronic function-limiting low back and lower extremity pain secondary to central spinal stenosis. Key Words: Low back pain, lower extremity pain, spinal stenosis, epidural injections, steroids, local anesthetics

scholarly journals Thoracic Interlaminar Epidural Injections in Managing Chronic Thoracic Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial with a 2-Year Follow-Up

2014 ◽  
Vol 3;17 (3;5) ◽  
pp. E327-E338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laxmaiah Manchikanti
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Thoracic Pain ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Thoracic Epidural ◽  
Epidural Injections ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Reports of prevalence of spinal pain indicate the prevalence of thoracic pain in approximately 13% of the general population compared to 32% of the population with neck pain and 43% of the population with low back pain during the past year. Even though, thoracic pain is less common than neck or low back pain, the degree of disability resulting from thoracic pain disorders seems to be similar to other painful conditions. Interventions in managing chronic thoracic pain are also less frequent, leading to the paucity of literature about various interventions in managing chronic thoracic pain. Thoracic intervertebral discs and thoracic facet joints have been shown to be pain generators, even though thoracic radicular pain is very infrequent. Thoracic epidural injections are one of the commonly performed procedures in managing thoracic pain. The efficacy of thoracic epidural injections has not been well studied. Study Design: A randomized, double-blind, active controlled trial. Setting: Private interventional pain management practice and specialty referral center in the United States. Objective: The primary objective was to assess the effectiveness of thoracic interlaminar epidural injections in providing effective pain relief and improving function in patients with chronic mid and/ or upper back pain. Methods: One hundred and ten patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups with 55 patients in each group receiving either local anesthetic alone (Group I) or local anesthetic with steroids (Group II). Randomization was performed by computer-generated random allocation sequence by simple randomization. Outcomes Assessment: Outcomes were assessed utilizing Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) 2.0, employment status, and opioid intake. The patients experiencing greater than 3 weeks of significant improvement with the first 2 procedures were considered as successful. Others were considered as failed participants. Significant improvement was defined as a decrease of greater than 50% NRS scores and ODI scores with measurements performed at baseline, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months post treatment. Results: Significant improvement was seen in 71% in Group I and 80% in Group II at the end of 2 years with all participants; however, improvement was seen in 80% and 86% when only successful patients were considered. Therapeutic procedural characteristics showed 5 to 6 procedures per 2 years with total average relief of 80 weeks in Group I and 78 weeks in Group II in the successful patient category; whereas, it was 71 and 72 weeks when all patients were considered. Limitations: Limitations of this assessment include lack of a placebo group.Conclusions: Based on the results of this trial, it is concluded that chronic thoracic pain of non-facet joint origin may be managed conservatively with thoracic interlaminar epidural injections with or without steroids. Key words: Chronic thoracic pain, chest wall pain, disc herniation, discogenic pain, radiculitis, thoracic interlaminar epidural injections, steroids, local anesthetic

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