STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN THE MIDDLE AND TOP SEGMENTS OF
THE POPULATION OF GEORGIA

QETEVAN PIPIA

doi:10.35945/gb.2019.07.016

STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN THE MIDDLE AND TOP SEGMENTS OF THE POPULATION OF GEORGIA

Globalization and Business ◽

10.35945/gb.2019.07.016 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (7) ◽

pp. 130-142

Author(s):

QETEVAN PIPIA

Keyword(s):

Normal Distribution ◽

World Bank ◽

Lognormal Distribution ◽

Pareto Distribution ◽

Population Distribution ◽

Distribution Data ◽

Distribution Of Wealth ◽

The World Bank ◽

Ministry Of Finance ◽

Laws Of Distribution

Due to economic, social, political and other differences, different sectors of society are subject to different laws of distribution. Among these laws are Pareto distribution, the normal distribution, the lognormal distribution, and so on. It is noteworthy that the higher, richer stratum of a society more often depends on the Pareto distribution. As for the poor and middle class, there was an attempt to build their model using a normal distribution. But later it turned out that more accurate results are provided by a lognormal distribution. The article attempts to build a model of the distribution of the upper layers of the population of Georgia in terms of per capita GDP consumption (according to the World Bank) using Pareto distribution. As for the other layers, due to the lack of data in GeoStat, when trying to build a model using a lognormal distribution, data on the population’s declared income are used, obtained from the Revenue Service of the Ministry of Finance of Georgia, hoping that this data correlates with the population distribution by GDP consumption.

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Population cluster data to assess the urban-rural split and electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa

Scientific Data ◽

10.1038/s41597-021-00897-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Babak Khavari ◽

Alexandros Korkovelos ◽

Andreas Sahlberg ◽

Mark Howells ◽

Francesco Fuso Nerini

Keyword(s):

World Bank ◽

Population Distribution ◽

Population Data ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Middle Income ◽

Disease Response ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World ◽

Urban Rural

AbstractHuman settlements are usually nucleated around manmade central points or distinctive natural features, forming clusters that vary in shape and size. However, population distribution in geo-sciences is often represented in the form of pixelated rasters. Rasters indicate population density at predefined spatial resolutions, but are unable to capture the actual shape or size of settlements. Here we suggest a methodology that translates high-resolution raster population data into vector-based population clusters. We use open-source data and develop an open-access algorithm tailored for low and middle-income countries with data scarcity issues. Each cluster includes unique characteristics indicating population, electrification rate and urban-rural categorization. Results are validated against national electrification rates provided by the World Bank and data from selected Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). We find that our modeled national electrification rates are consistent with the rates reported by the World Bank, while the modeled urban/rural classification has 88% accuracy. By delineating settlements, this dataset can complement existing raster population data in studies such as energy planning, urban planning and disease response.

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Subsidizing Agricultural Production on Imperfect Markets

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v26i4pp.447-456 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 447-456

Author(s):

Rainer Marggraf ◽

Wolfgang-Peter Zingel

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

World Bank ◽

Low Income ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Relative Income ◽

Imperfect Markets ◽

Distribution Of Wealth ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World ◽

Means Of Production

Economic growth, and the distribution of wealth and income, are two of the major, dimensions of economic policy in all countries. If one follows the data published by the World Bank, one can see, that even the relative income distribution in the developed and some of the developing countries are very similar; it is only, that the level of income is much lower in the latter countries, and therefore, that low income is more visible and striking. Therefore, raising the level of income of the very poor has been a major task of all governments. There has been a very controversial discussion, however, as to how the incomes of the poor can be raised easily, whether by economic growth, redistribution of wealth, i.e. the means of production, or of income. This discussion has been inconclusive so far, and the present paper sets out to examine some of these aspects. Pakistan may serve as a perfect example, considering the fact, that the country first suffered from an overemphasis on economic growth and a neglect of distribution and then tried distribution with no growth.

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Beyond privatization: pension reform in the Czech Republic and Slovenia

Journal of European Social Policy ◽

10.1177/a028429 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 293-306 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Katharina Muller

Keyword(s):

World Bank ◽

Pension Reform ◽

Global Politics ◽

Economic Conditions ◽

The Political ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Radical Reform ◽

The World Bank ◽

The World ◽

Ministry Of Finance

Research on the political economy of pension reform has focused on the recent wave of pension privatizations in the post-socialist region. This paper is motivated by the need to shed more light on cases where radical reform was rejected. Pension privatization did not proceed when the World Bank and the Ministry of Finance - important advocates of radical reform - were absent from the pension reform arena and the Ministry of Social Affairs was the only relevant reform actor. Moreover, unions need not be secondary actors, but may effectively veto pension privatization. The paper highlights the importance of the specific political and economic conditions that may constrain the leeway of pension reform actors, while also discussing the global politics of attention.

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Fiscal decentralization in Jordan

Journal of Governance and Regulation ◽

10.22495/jgrv9i4art3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 37-46

Author(s):

Jameel Aljaloudi

Keyword(s):

World Bank ◽

Central Government ◽

Fiscal Decentralization ◽

Local Administration ◽

The Public ◽

The World Bank ◽

Ministry Of Finance ◽

Administrative Decentralization ◽

The International Monetary Fund ◽

Public Revenues

This paper aims to measure the degree of fiscal decentralization in Jordan by estimating the indicators used by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. These are the share of local units in public revenues, the share of public spending, and the share of compensation for workers in local units from the total compensation of workers in the public sector. The study uses set of data about public revenues and expenditures of the central government, independent government units, as well as the municipalities’ budgets figures. These data are for the period 2016-2018 and published electronically by the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Local Administration in Jordan. The study revealed progress in the field of political and administrative decentralization represented in the establishment of elected councils at the national, regional, and municipal levels and the transfer of a number of powers from central authorities to regional or local bodies. The issuance of a new decentralization law and the amendment of the Municipalities Law in 2015. The results showed that the degree of fiscal decentralization is very low in Jordan, especially when compared to other countries that had implemented decentralization reforms.

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Seychelles

IMF Staff Country Reports ◽

10.5089/9781513547169.002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (200) ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Financial Markets ◽

World Bank ◽

Pension Fund ◽

Technical Assistance ◽

Secondary Market ◽

Insurance Companies ◽

Leading Role ◽

The World Bank ◽

Ministry Of Finance ◽

Fact Finding

This Technical Assistance (TA) mission focused on scoping the prospects of developing a secondary market for government securities in Seychelles. The Central Bank of Seychelles (CBS) has a leading role in developing the financial markets and thus acted as the primary counterpart for this mission. However, due to the mission being primarily fact-finding it reached out to all various possible stakeholders; the Ministry of Finance Trade Investment and Economic Planning (MoFTIEP), commercial banks, a pension fund, insurance companies, the securities exchange, securities dealers, etc. In addition, the mission sees the need to coordinate with the World bank (WB) and the IMF country (SYC) team as the former is providing assistance within the legal and payment system areas and the latter provides Seychelles with policy advice under the current PCI program.

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Estimating the mean of a small sample under the two parameter lognormal distribution

Texts in Biomathematics ◽

10.11145/texts.2018.02.027 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 100

Author(s):

Peter Hingley

Keyword(s):

Normal Distribution ◽

Lognormal Distribution ◽

Population Distribution ◽

Model Misspecification ◽

Small Sample ◽

Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽

Sampling Distributions ◽

The Mean ◽

Normal Variance ◽

Two Parameter

Lognormally distributed variables are found in biological, economic and other systems. Here the sampling distributions of maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) for parameters are developed when data are lognormally distributed and estimation is carried out either by the correct lognormal model or by the mis-specified normal distribution. This is designed as an aid to experimental design when drawing a small sample under an assumption that the population follows a normal distribution while in fact it follows a lognormal distribution. Distributions are derived analytically as far as possible by using a technique for estimator densities and are confirmed by simulations. For an independently and identically distributed lognormal sample, when a normal distribution is used for estimation then the distribution of the MLE of the mean is different to that for the MLE of the lognormal mean. The distribution is not known but can be well enough approximated by another lognormal. An analytic method for the distribution of the mis-specified normal variance uses computational convolution for a sample of size 2. The expected value of the mis-specified normal variance is also found as a way to give information about the effect of the model misspecification on inferences for the mean. The results are demonstrated on an example for a population distribution that is abstracted from a survey.

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