scholarly journals Determinants of Urban Residential Water Demand in Libya

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5C) ◽  
pp. 847-856
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Price ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Residential Water

This article analyzes the effect of several economic, environmental and social determinants for the per capita demand for water in Libya. Besides prices, income and population size, the article reflects the impact of urban population size, the temperature, summer temperature, and precipitation. The article also explores why the current per capita residential water demand in the urban areas is about more than in the other areas in Libya. In this study, the econometric model based on E-views method, instrumental-variable procedures, the ARDL model and the demand equation are applied. The co-integration analysis has shown a significant positive effect of temperature on water demand over the short and long term with partial flexibility of long-term temperature (5.44). Also, there is a positive relationship between rainfall and water demand in the long term and its less impact in the short term. There is a significant positive relationship between urban population and water demand. The greater urban population is greater the water demand and vice versa, partial flexibility of the urban population in the long term is at 0.23. On the other hand, there is a significant negative effect of income on water demand. Therefore, water demand is inflexible to changes in income. The study demonstrated that there is a negative effect on water price in relation to water demand. The estimated long-term variable of water value is 220.98, indicates that if the water price increases by 100%, the demand for water will go down by 221%.

scholarly journals Per capita incidence of sexually transmitted infections increases systematically with urban population size: a cross-sectional study

2015 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 610-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Patterson-Lomba ◽  
Edward Goldstein ◽  
Andrés Gómez-Liévano ◽  
Carlos Castillo-Chavez ◽  
Sherry Towers
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Per Capita

scholarly journals Factors That Influence Water Demand in Special Region Yogyakarta

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-401
Author(s):  
Auladina Rizqina ◽  
Deky Aji Suseno
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Significant Positive Effect ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Modeling Analysis ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Special Region

The demand for water in Special Region Yogyakarta, which is increasing every year, is not matched by the quality and effectiveness of water production. The distribution of PDAM water is uneven in every region in the Special Province of Yogyakarta. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of water prices, the number of hotels, the number of industries, and the GRDP per capita of the population, also, in order to determine the effect of employee retribution and operational costs of the PDAM on PDAM water prices. The study uses secondary data analysis technique used is descriptive statistical analysis and SEM structural modeling analysis. The results showed that the number of employees had a significant positive effect on remuneration for PDAM employees. Reply to PDAM employee services and PDAM operational costs affect water prices. At the same time, the price of PDAM water and GDRP per capita of the population has a significant positive effect on PDAM water demand. The number of hotels and industries that subscribe to water in PDAMs has a significant negative effect on water demand.

scholarly journals Relationships between soil physicochemical properties and nitrogen fixing, nitrifying and denitrifying under varying land-use practices in the northwest region of Argentina

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Pérez Brandan ◽  
Annabel Meyer ◽  
José Manuel Meriles ◽  
Jorgelina Huidobro ◽  
Michael Schloter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Microbial Groups

The aim of this study was to evaluate the response pattern of diazotrophic microbes, denitrifiers and nitrifiers to different types of land use management, such as soybean monoculture (M) during 5 and 24 years (M5 and M24) and soybean-maize rotation (R) during 4 and 15 years (R4 and R15) in two subsequent years at the time point of flowering. Soil samples from a site recently introduced into agriculture (RUA) and a pristine soil under native vegetation (NV) were used as controls. Abundances of different functional groups of microbes were assessed using the direct quantification of marker genes by quantitative real-time PCR using extracted DNA from rhizosphere samples. In addition, soil chemical and physical properties were analysed and correlated with the abundance data from the functional microbial groups under investigation. Overall, the results indicate that the abundance of nifH genes was higher under R treatments compared to M treatments. The abundance of ammonium monooxygenase genes amoA (AOA) was generally higher under rotation systems and decreased under M24. RUA evidenced a negative effect on the establishment and development of AOA communities. The influence of land use on nirS abundance was inconsistent. However, R treatments showed a high abundance of nirK genes compared to M treatments. In both growing seasons, the abundance of nosZ genes was higher under NV compared with the other treatments. Furthermore, M24 treatment was related to strongly changed chemical and physical soil properties compared with the other sites. As expected, soil samples from RUA showed the strong dynamics of measured parameters indicating the high sensitivity of soils under transition to environmental parameters. Our results also indicated that the long-term crop rotation modified the abundance of the investigated microbial groups compared to the monoculture and increased soil chemical and physical quality. Therefore, our results provide evidence for a stimulatory effect of the long-term crop rotation on the abundance of microbes involved in N transformation.

Macroeconomic Outcomes and the Relative Position of Argentina's Economy, 1875–2000

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
ISABEL SANZ VILLARROYA
Keyword(s):  
Relative Position ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Per Capita

AbstractThis paper attempts to investigate the main factors behind Argentina's relative economic decline by comparing its evolution with that of Australia and Canada. For this purpose a ‘reduced index of economic freedom’ has been constructed in order to capture and summarise the principal macroeconomic trends in Argentina compared with the other regions of recent settlement during the period between 1875 and 2000. The results, obtained using cointegration and causality techniques, show how the macroeconomic policies that were implemented are able to explain the relative evolution of Argentina's economy, in terms of GDP per capita, over the long term. The results revise some of the interpretations prevalent in Argentine historiography.

scholarly journals Hofstede’s cultural dimensions in the gravity model using mixed-effect model

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-328
Author(s):  
Sotya Fevriera ◽  
Nadia Marettania ◽  
Virgiana Nugransih Siwi
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Mixed Effect Model ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Trade Partners

According to the gravity model, the closer the distance between two countries, the trade activity between those countries will be greater. This research aims to know whether the gravity model works on Indonesian export value in 2002-2019. Besides the distance, this research also study the effects of population, per capita PPP GDP and Hofstede cultural dimensions. The research was done using a mixed-effect model. The results of this study show that together, population, per capita PPP GDP, distance and Hofstede cultural dimensions have significant effects on Indonesian export value. The gravity model is proven in this study because distance has a negative effect on export value. Individually, population, per capita PPP GDP and long-term orientation index have a positive significant effect while masculinity index has a negative significant effect on export value. Indonesian export values tend to be elastic toward per capita PPP GDP, population and the distance. This research also found that the effect of per capita PPP GDP has a random effect or its effect is difference among Indonesia’s main trade partners.

scholarly journals Wine as an Investment Opportunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Daniela Majerčáková ◽  
Alexandra Mittelman ◽  
Michal Greguš
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Investment Opportunity ◽  
Price Development ◽  
Alternative Investments ◽  
The Future

Market development with non-traditional commodities is not as developed and widespread as the market with traditional commodities. There is much information regarding investments into antiquarian objects but there is not so much regarding other types of commodities. The traditional slovak investor is an investor into classic investment products with lower risk and lower revenue at the same time. As Warren Buffett said, price does not matter, but value matters. In case of some commodities, with we can gain the high appreciation with a small investment, too, despite the high risk. We have to look forward and to think about the future with non-traditional investments as it is the long-term investment. It represents goods that are little liquid, and there is an inactiveness sometimes needed, but on the other hand it is still necessary to follow the market. There are more and more possibilities of investments with the fast-changing world. Sometimes we can get interesting revenues from some irrational investments. The aim of this paper is to analyze conditions of the market with possibilities to invest into non-traditional commodities, where also the investments into wine belong. We have used the description of alternative investments, analysis of facts and conditions as well as the possibilities of non-traditional investments in Slovakia to reach this aim. On the basis of observing the price development, we have made recommendations for the traditional slovak investor with the positive relationship to non-traditional investments and with the positive relationship to risk.

scholarly journals Advances in the Economic Analysis of Residential Water Use: An Introduction

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Reynaud ◽  
Giulia Romano
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Price ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Residential Water Demand ◽  
Residential Water Use ◽  
Household Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Residential Water

The aim of this Special Issue is to gather evidence on the impact of price policies (PP) and non-price policies (NPP) in shaping residential water use in a context of increased water scarcity. Indeed, a large body of the empirical economic literature on residential water demand has been devoted to measuring the impact of PP (water price increases, use of block rate pricing or peak pricing, etc.). The consensus is that the residential water demand is inelastic with respect to water price, but not perfectly. Given the low water price elasticity, pricing schemes may not always be effective tools for modifying household water behaviors. This is puzzling since increasing the water price is still viewed by public authorities as the most direct economic tool for inducing water conservation behaviors. Additional evidence regarding the use of PP in shaping residential water use is then required. More recently, it has been argued that residential consumers may react to NPP, such as water conservation programs, education campaigns, or smart metering. NPP are based on the idea that residential water users can implement strategies that will result in water savings via changing their individual behaviors. Feedback information based on smart water metering is an example of approach used by some water utilities. There are still large gaps in the knowledge on the residential water demand, and in particular on the impact of PP and NPP on residential water use, household water affordability and water service performance. These topics are addressed in this Special Issue “Advances in the Economic Analysis of Residential Water Use”.

scholarly journals The Thought Worlds of Marketing and Sales: Which Differences Make a Difference?

2007 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Homburg ◽  
Ove Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Skills ◽  
Market Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Product Knowledge ◽  
Business Unit ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Thought Worlds

The literature is divided on whether differences between the thought worlds of marketing and sales are deleterious or beneficial. This article empirically investigates various facets of thought-world differences and their effects on various outcomes. It confirms that, in general, differences hamper the cooperation between marketing and sales, which leads to a lower market performance of the business unit. However, some facets of thought-world differences enhance the market performance of the business unit through a direct effect that outweighs the negative effect mediated by the quality of cooperation between marketing and sales. Market performance is enhanced if one side plays the customers' advocate while the other plays the products' advocate. Market performance is also enhanced if one side plays the advocate of short-term considerations while the other plays the advocate of long-term considerations. In contrast, differences between marketing and sales in regard to product knowledge and interpersonal skills are deleterious to market performance. Thus, the kind of difference makes a difference.

The joint effect of water price changes and pressure management, at the economic annual real losses level, on the system input volume of a water distribution system

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1069-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasilis Kanakoudis ◽  
Konstantinos Gonelas
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Price ◽  
Pressure Management ◽  
Residential Water Demand ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
System Input ◽  
Real Losses ◽  
Residential Water

This study attempts to examine the factors affecting the residential water demand level in the city of Kozani in Greece. Based on an 8-year (2005–12) detailed sample of residential water demand panel data, the values of the water price (WP) elasticity of residential demand are identified, and the influence of socio-economic and demographic factors and climate conditions on water-use levels and trends are analyzed. The system's response in terms of system input volume is examined (through the simulation model developed for the network and a pressure management (PM) application) for different scenarios of increased and decreased WP levels. Various scenarios for the real losses were examined, starting from their current level (current annual real losses), down to their economic level (economic annual real losses) after implementing PM measures. The overall objective is to determine and record the overall reaction of consumers to the changing WPs as a result of the full water cost principle implemented.

Population fluctuations in spruce grouse: what determines their numbers in spring?

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2430-2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Boag ◽  
M. A. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Breeding Success ◽  
The Other ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Spacing Behaviour ◽  
Term Change ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year

The number of spruce grouse (Falcipennis (Canachites) franklinii) present in the spring population on a 247-ha block of pine-dominated habitat in southwestern Alberta was counted annually over a 21-year period. During the first 5 years of this study, the population increased steadily from 7.3 to 16.6 grouse/100 ha. Subsequently, for a period of 11 years, numbers were relatively stable at higher densities (19.0–29.1 grouse/100 ha). During the last 5-year period, the population declined to levels lower than at the onset of the study (16.6–4.9 grouse/100 ha). Year to year fluctuations in the size of this population were considered in the light of two hypotheses put forward to explain such fluctuations (spacing behaviour and breeding success). We concluded that both hypotheses were needed to explain our observations. During those years when spring population size fell below the mean number of grouse recorded over the 21-year period (17.8/100 ha), there was some evidence that breeding success in one year may have influenced population size the following spring but we found no evidence that spacing behaviour was important in limiting numbers under these conditions. On the other hand, when the size of the spring population was greater than the mean there was no evidence that breeding success influenced changes in population size the following spring, but there was evidence that spacing behaviour was limiting recruitment. The long-term change in population size appeared to be tied to the status of the fire sere inhabited: maturation of the forest (principally an increase in the height) was accompanied by a decline in population size.

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