Changes in Chinese Political System Over the 100 Years of the 5.4 Movement: Is it the “Upgrade” of the Party-State system? Is it the Transition Towards a Democratic System?

Zambia inherited a system of government and administration in 1964 which was ill-suited to the tasks of political development to which her new leaders were dedicated. What little national unity and mobilisation had been achieved in the independence struggle declined with the removal of the common enemy. The Government rested on a fragile base, without the support of agreed rules and practices to limit and contain conflict, and without adequate instruments available for the implementation of its policies. So the search began for a more suitable political system, which could cope with the new needs of independence, and provide for the stability of the state and the survival of the Government.

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Sovereignty@Bay

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234257.003.0007 ◽

2009 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Stephen J. Kobrin

Keyword(s):

Political System ◽

State System ◽

Cross Border ◽

Territorial Jurisdiction ◽

Vast Literature ◽

Or Practice ◽

State Relations ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact ◽

Inter State

This article is concerned with only one aspect of the vast literature on MNE–state relations: the impact of the MNE on sovereignty, autonomy, and control. It argues that the mainstream literature of the sovereignty at bay era did not predict the end of the nation-state or conclude that sovereignty is critically compromised either in theory or practice. In fact, while the terms ‘sovereignty’, autonomy', and ‘control’ appear frequently in these discussions, they are rarely defined or even used precisely. At the end of the day MNEs are international or cross-border entities which are of the existing inter-state system firmly rooted in national territorial jurisdiction. The problems posed by the traditional MNE for both states and the inter-state system tend to involve issues of jurisdictional asymmetry, jurisdictional overlap and control, rather than sovereignty in its formal sense. The hierarchical or Fordist structure of the traditional MNE reinforces the core values of the modern international political system: state sovereignty and mutually exclusive territoriality.

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DEFICIENCIES OF PLATO’S DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM

Politology bulletin ◽

10.17721/2415-881x.2019.82.37-43 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 37-43

Author(s):

Iryna Liashchenko

Keyword(s):

Political System ◽

Comparative Method ◽

Human Soul ◽

Systematic Method ◽

Rapid Degradation ◽

Methodological Basis ◽

Democratic System ◽

Characteristic Features ◽

Democratic Election ◽

Proper Operation

Main objective of the study. The objective of the study is to identify deficiencies of the democratic political system in order to protect democracy from rapid degradation into tyranny. Methodology. The systematic method was selected as the methodological basis for the research, as it enables the consideration of Plato’s democratic system as interdependent with other types of states. The comparative method proved to be effective for distinguishing the characteristic features of the aristocratic, timocratic, oligarchic, democratic and tyrannical state of the human soul and Plato’s system of government.Findings and conclusions. To enable proper operation of democracy, it requires protection from its own deficiencies. These deficiencies include the following: firstly, the flaw of haughty, arrogant attitude towards wise talented naturally eminent people and the fear of their coming to power originates from timocracy; secondly, just as «barns with gold» destroyed the timocratic and oligarchic type of state, so the residues of these «barns» turn into a flaw of democracy in the form of a social abyss between the most affluent and the most deprived strata of the society; thirdly, this is excessive will in democracy that is gradually turning into excessive slavery. Regarding the latter, Plato emphasizes the anarchic extreme of freedom in democracy, which turns it into arbitrariness. After all, in a democracy there is no need to participate in government; not necessarily obey; no go to war; neither obey peace or laws, etc. The main consequence of all these deficiencies in the democratic system is the fostering of a future tyrant rooting from a people’s deputy. Since the thinker points out that no matter how many times a tyrant appears, he does not come from somewhere, but only from a democratic election procedure.

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DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL SYSTEM IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF MAQASID SHARIA : STUDY ANALYSIS OF YUSUF AL-QARADAWI’S THOUGHT

AL IMARAH : JURNAL PEMERINTAHAN DAN POLITIK ISLAM ◽

10.29300/imr.v5i1.2917 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Athoilah Islamy ◽

Sansan Ziaul Haq

Keyword(s):

Political System ◽

Islamic Law ◽

Primary Source ◽

Political Life ◽

Islamic State ◽

Epistemological Foundation ◽

Democratic System ◽

Holistic Vision ◽

The Relationship ◽

Democratic Political System

Abstract: one of the big issue that is still debatable about the relationship between Islam and politics is how legitimate the democratic political system is in the paradigm of Islamic law. This study will explain the alternative paradigm in evaluating the democratic system based on the paradigm of Islamic law from a prominent Muslim intellectual named Yusuf al-Qaradawi. This research is a qualitative research in the form of literature review. The primary source used is a variety of literature that explains Yusuf al-Qaradawi's thoughts about democracy in Islam. The method used is the method of interpreting the thoughts of the figures with the maqasid al-shari‘ah approach. There are two big conclusions of this research. First, Yusuf al-Qaradawi's view of democracy can be said to be grounded in its epistemological foundation in understanding the concept of an Islamic state. For al-Qaradawi, an Islamic state is a system of government that provides policy improvisation space in the benefit of social, economic and political life based on the objectives of Islamic law (maqasid shari'ah). Second, Yusuf al-Qaradawi's view, the democratic system can be compatible with Islam if the principles in the democratic system are in accordance with various values which are the spirit of the objectives of Islamic law (maqasid shari'ah), such as the value of justice, equality of rights, freedom, etc. so. To realize this, the democratic system must carry a holistic vision and mission, which includes worldly and ukhrawi benefits as well as individual and social benefits. Keywords: Validity, democracy, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, maqasid shari’ah;

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Interventions in Heritage Sacred Architecture after the Second Vatican Council in Croatia

Actas de Arquitectura Religiosa Contemporánea ◽

10.17979/aarc.2019.6.0.6232 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 114-129

Author(s):

Zorana Sokol-Gojnik ◽

Igor Gojnik ◽

Marija Banić

Keyword(s):

Political System ◽

Second Vatican Council ◽

Sacred Architecture ◽

Vatican Council ◽

Democratic System ◽

The Church

In the period of the Second Vatican Council Croatia was part of Yugoslavia. A new political system promoted an atheistic worldview. The result of that process was a hostile relationship between the Church and the official government and a profound division of the Church and the society. It resulted in very rare interventions in the field of sacred architecture. Most of the interventions occurred in the adaptations of sanctuaries after the Second Vatican Council. Most of them were reflecting the lack of co-operation between experts.The change of political system has occurred in 1990. The new democratic system brought religions freedom but the new war destabilized society again. The result is a boom in the construction of sacred buildings reflecting the crisis of that moment. In the last decade, the situation is changing due to the initiatives that bring together theologians, liturgists, architects, architectural conservators, and artists in work on sacred buildings.

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Political Culture in the Islamic World: The Socioeconomic Roots of the Islamic Leviathan

Comparative Sociology ◽

10.1163/15691330-12341472 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 612-640

Author(s):

Amir Abdul Reda

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Political Culture ◽

North Africa ◽

Political System ◽

Political Attitudes ◽

State System ◽

Socioeconomic Class ◽

Islamic World ◽

Public Opinions ◽

Independent Variables

Abstract In this paper, the author explores how development affects public opinions on an Islamic Leviathan as an appropriate political system in the Middle East. He asks the following: In the MENA region (Middle East and North Africa), what influences political attitudes toward the Islamic Leviathan? To answer this question, he looks at the influence of seven independent variables on attitudes toward the Islamic Leviathan as a state system. The seven variables are (1) society’s overall development, (2) the socioeconomic class of respondents, (3) society’s corruption, (4) religiosity, (5) education, (6) gender, and (7) age. The author finds the observations needed to assess his theory in the Carnegie Middle East Governance and Islam Dataset 1988-2014 (CMEGID), which includes 15,194 relevant observations throughout the MENA region. His findings show that societies’ overall development has the most influence over Arab attitudes toward the Islamic Leviathan as an appropriate state system.

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China’s Political Economy

China's Economy ◽

10.1093/wentk/9780190946470.003.0003 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Arthur R. Kroeber

Keyword(s):

Political Economy ◽

Political System ◽

Governance System ◽

Making Sense ◽

System P ◽

Party State

What is China’s political system? Understanding China’s unique and resilient governance system is essential for making sense of the country’s economic past, present, and future. We may briefly describe it as follows: China is (1) a one-party state that (2) governs in a...

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