scholarly journals THE STRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE BONE

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Karpiński ◽  
Łukasz Jaworski ◽  
Paulina Czubacka
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Bone Reconstruction ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Structural Adaptations

The work contains basic information on the anatomy and physiology of bone tissue. Basic concepts related to the structure of bone tissue are presented. General issues related to bone reconstruction processes and biomechanical structural adaptations processes were described. Mechanical parameters of bone tissue were presented.

scholarly journals PENGARUH VARIASI WAKTU TAHAN SINTERING TERHADAP HIDROKSIAPATIT BERPORI DARI TULANG IKAN TENGGIRI (Scomberomorus guttatus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Lia Anggresani ◽  
Rizka Afrina ◽  
Armini Hadriyati ◽  
Rahmadevi Rahmadevi ◽  
Mukhlis Sanuddin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bone Regeneration ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Deposition Time ◽  
Holding Time ◽  
Bone Reconstruction ◽  
Porous Hydroxyapatite ◽  
Hardness Tester ◽  
Fish Bones ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus

<p><em>Tulang ikan tenggiri memiliki kandungan  kalsium dan fosfor. Sehingga tulang ikan dapat dibuat biomaterial hydroxyapatite berpori, Hydroxyapatite berpori  cocok untuk merekontruksi tulang.  pori yang terbentuk berfungsi sebagai media pembentukan jaringan sel tulang yang tumbuh untuk meningkatkan regenerasi tulang. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat pengaruh variasi waktu tahan sintering dari hydroxyapatite berpori pada tulang ikan tenggiri. Bubuk CaO dibuat dari tulang ikan yang di rendam menggunakan NaOH dan aseton lalu difurnace 800°C. Bubuk CaO ditambahkan H</em><em><sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4.</sub> Atur pH hingga 10 dengan menambahkan NaOH lalu difurnace  900<sup>o</sup>C dengan lama pengendapan 12 dan 24 jam lalu dianalisa XRD. Hydroxyapatite yang didapatkan ditambahkan Polimer kitosan. selanjutnya dianalisa dengan SEM,PSA dan Hardness tester. Hasil Analisa XRF didapatkan CaO  50,814%. Hasil XRD pada pengendapan 12jam terbentuk senyawa hydroxyapatite dan trikalsium bis(phosphate(V)Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>), sedangkan pengendapan 24jam terbentuk senyawa hydroxyapatite (Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(OH) murni. Analisa SEM dilakukan pada variasi waktu sintering 4,5 dan 6 jam didapatkan morfologi yang tidak seragam. Hasil PSA pada waktu 4jam 0,873μm, 5jam 0,808μm dan 6jam 1,123μm. Uji Hardness Tester pada waktu 4jam 50 N, 5jam 54,1 N dan 6 jam 32,6 N. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa variasi waktu tahan sintering mempengaruhi sifat mekanik dan pada variasi lama pengendapan akan mempengaruhi pembentukan senyawa hydroksiapatite.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p><p><em>Mackerel fish bones contain calcium and phosphorus. So that fish bones can be made porous hydroxyapatite biomaterial, porous Hydroxyapatite is suitable for bone reconstruction. The pore formed functions as a medium for the formation of bone tissue that grows to increase bone regeneration. This study aims to look at the effect of variations in the sintering resistant time of porous hydroxyapatite on mackerel fish bones. CaO powder is made from fish bones soaked using NaOH and acetone and then mixed with 800 ° C. CaO powder added H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>. Set the pH to 10 by adding NaOH then 900<sup>o</sup>C refined with a deposition time of 12 and 24 hours and then analyzed by XRD. Hydroxyapatite obtained was added with chitosan polymer. then analyzed with SEM, PSA and Hardness tester. XRF analysis results obtained CaO 50,814%. XRD results on 12 hours deposition of pure hydroxyapatite and tricalcium bis (phosphate (V)Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) compounds, while 24 hours deposition of pure hydroxyapatite (Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO4)<sub>3</sub>(OH) compounds were formed. and 6 hours obtained non-uniform morphology, PSA results at 4 hours 0.873μm, 5 hours 0.808μm and 6 hours 1.123μm Hardness Tester test at 4 hours 50 N, 5 hours 54.1 N and 6 hours 32.6 N. It can be concluded that variation of sintering holding time affects the mechanical properties and the variation of the depositional time will affect the formation of hydroxyapatite compounds.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>

scholarly journals Development of Biopolymeric Hybrid Scaffold-Based on AAc/GO/nHAp/TiO2 Nanocomposite for Bone Tissue Engineering: In-Vitro Analysis

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1319
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umar Aslam Khan ◽  
Wafa Shamsan Al-Arjan ◽  
Mona Saad Binkadem ◽  
Hassan Mehboob ◽  
Adnan Haider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Vitro Analysis ◽  
Nanocomposite Scaffolds

Bone tissue engineering is an advanced field for treatment of fractured bones to restore/regulate biological functions. Biopolymeric/bioceramic-based hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds are potential biomaterials for bone tissue because of biodegradable and biocompatible characteristics. We report synthesis of nanocomposite based on acrylic acid (AAc)/guar gum (GG), nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp NPs), titanium nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), and optimum graphene oxide (GO) amount via free radical polymerization method. Porous scaffolds were fabricated through freeze-drying technique and coated with silver sulphadiazine. Different techniques were used to investigate functional group, crystal structural properties, morphology/elemental properties, porosity, and mechanical properties of fabricated scaffolds. Results show that increasing amount of TiO2 in combination with optimized GO has improved physicochemical and microstructural properties, mechanical properties (compressive strength (2.96 to 13.31 MPa) and Young’s modulus (39.56 to 300.81 MPa)), and porous properties (pore size (256.11 to 107.42 μm) and porosity (79.97 to 44.32%)). After 150 min, silver sulfadiazine release was found to be ~94.1%. In vitro assay of scaffolds also exhibited promising results against mouse pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cell lines. Hence, these fabricated scaffolds would be potential biomaterials for bone tissue engineering in biomedical engineering.

scholarly journals A Review on Tailoring Stiffness in Compliant Systems, via Removing Material: Cellular Materials and Topology Optimization

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3538
Author(s):  
Mauricio Arredondo-Soto ◽  
Enrique Cuan-Urquizo ◽  
Alfonso Gómez-Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Topology Optimization ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Cellular Materials ◽  
Related Literature ◽  
And Topology ◽  
Fundamental Process ◽  
Compliant Systems ◽  
Basic Concepts

Cellular Materials and Topology Optimization use a structured distribution of material to achieve specific mechanical properties. The controlled distribution of material often leads to several advantages including the customization of the resulting mechanical properties; this can be achieved following these two approaches. In this work, a review of these two as approaches used with compliance purposes applied at flexure level is presented. The related literature is assessed with the aim of clarifying how they can be used in tailoring stiffness of flexure elements. Basic concepts needed to understand the fundamental process of each approach are presented. Further, tailoring stiffness is described as an evolutionary process used in compliance applications. Additionally, works that used these approaches to tailor stiffness of flexure elements are described and categorized. Finally, concluding remarks and recommendations to further extend the study of these two approaches in tailoring the stiffness of flexure elements are discussed.

scholarly journals Evolution of Meniscal Biomechanical Properties with Growth: An Experimental and Numerical Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Marco Ferroni ◽  
Beatrice Belgio ◽  
Giuseppe M. Peretti ◽  
Alessia Di Giancamillo ◽  
Federica Boschetti
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Mechanical Stimulus ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

The menisci of the knee are complex fibro-cartilaginous tissues that play important roles in load bearing, shock absorption, joint lubrication, and stabilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction between the different meniscal tissue components (i.e., the solid matrix constituents and the fluid phase) and the mechanical response according to the developmental stage of the tissue. Menisci derived from partially and fully developed pigs were analyzed. We carried out biochemical analyses to quantify glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and DNA content according to the developmental stage. These values were related to tissue mechanical properties that were measured in vitro by performing compression and tension tests on meniscal specimens. Both compression and tension protocols consisted of multi-ramp stress–relaxation tests comprised of increasing strains followed by stress–relaxation to equilibrium. To better understand the mechanical response to different directions of mechanical stimulus and to relate it to the tissue structural composition and development, we performed numerical simulations that implemented different constitutive models (poro-elasticity, viscoelasticity, transversal isotropy, or combinations of the above) using the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics. The numerical models also allowed us to determine several mechanical parameters that cannot be directly measured by experimental tests. The results of our investigation showed that the meniscus is a non-linear, anisotropic, non-homogeneous material: mechanical parameters increase with strain, depend on the direction of load, and vary among regions (anterior, central, and posterior). Preliminary numerical results showed the predominant role of the different tissue components depending on the mechanical stimulus. The outcomes of biochemical analyses related to mechanical properties confirmed the findings of the numerical models, suggesting a specific response of meniscal cells to the regional mechanical stimuli in the knee joint. During maturation, the increase in compressive moduli could be explained by cell differentiation from fibroblasts to metabolically active chondrocytes, as indicated by the found increase in GAG/DNA ratio. The changes of tensile mechanical response during development could be related to collagen II accumulation during growth. This study provides new information on the changes of tissue structural components during maturation and the relationship between tissue composition and mechanical response.

Role of Interfacial Interactions on Mechanical Properties of Biomimetic Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering

2005 ◽  
Vol 898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devendra Verma ◽  
Rahul Bhowmik ◽  
Bedabibhas Mohanty ◽  
Dinesh R Katti ◽  
Kalpana S Katti
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Interfacial Interactions ◽  
Porous Composites ◽  
Properties Of Composites

AbstractInterfaces play an important role in controlling the mechanical properties of composites. Optimum mechanical strength of scaffolds is of prime importance for bone tissue engineering. In the present work, molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies have been conducted to study effect of interfacial interactions on mechanical properties of composites for bone replacement. In order to mimic biological processes, hydroxyapatite (HAP) is mineralized in presence of polyacrylic acid (PAAc) (in situ HAP). Further, solid and porous composites of in situ HAP with polycaprolactone (PCL) are made. Mechanical tests of composites of in situ HAP with PAAc have shown improved strain recovery, higher modulus/density ratio and also improved mechanical response in simulated body fluid (SBF). Simulation studies indicate potential for calcium bridging between –COO− of PAAc and surface calcium of HAP. This fact is also supported by infrared spectroscopic studies. PAAc modified surfaces of in situ HAP offer means to control the microstructure and mechanical response of porous composites. Nanoindentation experiments indicate that apatite grown on in situ HAP/PCL composites from SBF has improved elastic modulus and hardness. This work gives insight into the interfacial mechanisms responsible for mechanical response as well as bioactivity in biomaterials.

Effect of Bone Tumor and Osteoporosis on Mechanical Properties of Bone and Bone Tissue Properties: A Finite Element Study

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipul P. Gohil ◽  
Paul K. Canavan ◽  
Hamid Nayeb-Hashemi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Tumor ◽  
Cellular Structure ◽  
Bone Tumors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tissue Stiffness ◽  
Tissue Properties

This research is aimed to study the variations in the biomechanical behavior of bone and bone tissues with osteoporosis and bone tumors. Osteoporosis and bone tumors reduce the mechanical strength of bone, which creates a greater risk of fracture. In the United States alone, ten million individuals, eight million of whom are women, are estimated to already have osteoporosis, and almost 34 million more are estimated to have low bone mass (osteopenia) placing them at increased risk for osteoporosis. World Health Organization defines osteopenia, as a bone density between one and two and a half standard deviations (SD) below the bone density of a normal young adult. (Osteoporosis is defined as 2.5 SD or more below that reference point.). Together, osteoporosis and osteopenia are expected to affect an estimated 52 million women and men age 50 and older by 2010, and 61 million by 2020. The current medical cost of osteoporosis total is nearly about $18 billion in the U.S. each year. There is a dearth of literature that addresses the effects of osteoporosis on bone tissue properties. Furthermore, there are few studies published related to the effect of bone tumors such as Adamantinoma of long bones, Aneurysmal bone cyst, Hemangioma and others on overall behavior of bone. To understand the variations in bio-mechanical properties of internal tissues of bone with osteoporosis and bone tumor, a 2D finite element (FE) model of bone is developed using ANSYS 9.0 ® (ANSYS Inc., Canonsburg, PA). Trabecular bone is modeled using hexagonal and voronoi cellular structure. This finite element model is subjected to change in BVF (bone volume fraction) and bone architecture caused by osteoporosis. The bone tumor is modeled as finer multi-cellular structure and the effects of its size, location, and property variation of tumor on overall bone behavior are studied. Results from this analysis and comparative data are used to determine behavior of bone and its tissue over different stage of osteoporosis and bone tumor. Results indicate that both bone tumor and osteoporosis significantly change the mechanical properties of the bone. The results show that osteoporosis increases the bone tissue stiffness significantly as BVF reduces. Bone tissue stiffness is found to increase by 80 percent with nearly 55 percent reduction of BVF. The results and methods developed in this research can be implemented to monitor variation in bio-mechanical properties of bone up to tissue level during medication or to determine type and time for need of external support such as bracing.

Hybrid nanostructured hydroxyapatite–chitosan composite scaffold: bioinspired fabrication, mechanical properties and biological properties

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (23) ◽  
pp. 4679-4689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Ping Guo ◽  
Jun-Jie Guan ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Chang-Qing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Composite Scaffold ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Chitosan Composite

A bioinspired strategy has been developed to fabricate a hybrid nanostructured hydroxyapatite–chitosan composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering.

scholarly journals Mechanical properties of Gelatin –Hydroxyapatite composite for bone tissue engineering

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hossan ◽  
MA Gafur ◽  
MM Karim ◽  
AA Rana
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Composite Scaffold ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Casting Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Oven Drying ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Composite ◽  
Properties Of Composites

In this study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) and gelatin (GEL) scaffolds were prepared to mimic the mineral and organic component of natural bone. The raw material was first compounded and resulting composite were molded into the petridishes. Using Solvent casting process, it is possible to produce scaffolds with mechanical and structural properties close to natural trabecular bone.The mechanical properties of composites were investigated by Thermo-mechanical analyzer (TMA), Vickers microhardness tester, Universal testing machine. It was observed that the composite has maximum tensile strength of 37.13MPa ( oven drying) and % elongation of 7.68 (Oven drying) and 2.04 (Natural drying) at 15% of Hap respectively. These results demonstrate that the prepared composite scaffold is a potential candidate for bone tissue engineering.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(1), 15-20, 2015

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