scholarly journals Factors determining the quality of masonry – differentiation of resistance and reliability

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
Joanna Zięba ◽  
Lidia Buda-Ożóg ◽  
Izabela Skrzypczak
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Masonry Structure ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Partial Factor ◽  
Masonry Units

A house or any other building without walls is truly hard to imagine. The first thing usually associated with walls is, of course, masonry. Today, masonry walls perform a load-bearing function in buildings up to four above-ground floors, in the higher parts of the buildings they perform a protective and stiffening function. However, there is a widespread opinion that the designer does not have to check the bearing capacity of masonry structures because masonry are were stand, are standing and will stand. Not everyone, however, currently works the wall as it should. The problem is that a lot of emphasis is now placed on reducing construction times. Therefore, there are a number of factors affecting the quality of the masonry structure, which overall reduce their safety. The article presents the influence of the quality of masonry on the differentiation of bearing capacity and reliability of an example masonry structure. The analyses included various values γm of the partial factor, recommended in the national annex PN-EN 1996-1, depending on the category of masonry units, class execution of works and type of mortar. In addition, a decrease in load capacity and reliability caused by the increase of the initial eccentric resulting from the inaccuracy of the masonry wall was examined.

scholarly journals Experimental Analysis of Seismic Performance of Masonry Shear Wall Reinforced with PP-Band Mesh and Plastering Mortar under In-Plane Cyclic Loading

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Qiang Zhou ◽  
Lingyu Yang ◽  
Wenyang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Cyclic Loading ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Ultimate Bearing Capacity ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Seismic Capacity ◽  
Energy Dissipation Capacity

Masonry structures are widely used in developing countries due to their low cost and simple construction, especially in remote areas, where there are a large number of houses without seismic measures. These buildings are prone to collapse and cause a lot of casualties, even under the action of small earthquakes. For the reinforcement of this structure, a cheap, effective, and easy-to-construct reinforcement method is urgently needed. Therefore, this article studies the reinforcement method of polypropylene bands (PP-bands). We have carried out low-frequency cyclic loading tests for two PP-band reinforced masonry walls and two compared masonry walls. We mainly studied the influence of PP-band and different compressive strengths of plastering mortar on the masonry wall’s seismic capacity. The seismic indicators mainly studied in this article include ultimate bearing capacity, energy dissipation capacity, stiffness degradation, and hysteresis characteristics. The experimental results show that the PP-band can greatly enhance the seismic capacity of the masonry wall. The ultimate bearing capacity, energy dissipation capacity, and displacement ductility of the PP-band reinforced wall are increased by 38%–48%, 22%–47%, and 138%–226%.

scholarly journals THE TRAINING QUALITY IN HIGHER MEDICAL SCHOOLS INFLUENCED BY THE STUDENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (Suppl.1) ◽  
pp. 237-240
Author(s):  
S. Kyuchukova
Keyword(s):  
Training Process ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Classroom Activities ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Training Quality ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Faculty Teachers ◽  
Training Service

PURPOSE: Talking and writing about the training service quality is a delicate topic, especially in the field of Higher education, which prepares personnel for medical practice. A number of factors and conventions influence the training quality of these students. They are major, important and determining component in the process. METHODS: Target: To indicate new objective and subjective factors affecting directly the training process in Higher Medical University (HMU), and to take into account the degree of students’ influence on it; Tasks: To indicate new factors affecting the training process in HMS; to report mathematically and statistically the degree of students’ influence on the academic and practical activity; to prepare questionnaires and to process them statistically; to formulate conclusions. Contingent: 176 medical students and 23 academic tutors from the Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. CONCLUSION& After completing the tasks, the following conclusions were made: Students - respondents: 87% like their university; 61% find the classroom activities interesting; 2/3 of them do not know the internal rules of their university and faculty. Teachers - respondents: 97% indicate the poor general preparation as a stopper; 59% find the students' self-assessment unrealistic and define it as an obstacle to good coursework.

ANALYSIS OF THE FEATURES OF MANAGING AN AMBULATORY-POLYCLINIC INSTITUTION USING THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF HIERARCHIES AND THE FUNDING MODEL

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Анастасия Дмитриевна Акулова ◽  
Евгений Николаевич Коровин ◽  
Евгений Андреевич Назаренко
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Outpatient Clinic ◽  
Management System ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Hierarchy Analysis

В статье проведено изучение основных факторов и акторов, характеризующих систему управления, применяемой в амбулаторно-поликлиническом учреждении с помощью метода анализа иерархий и построенной схемы системной динамики с помощью программы Ithink. Для понимания основных действующих механизмов управления был выявлена основная цель деятельности поликлинического учреждения и ряд факторов, влияющих на ее достижение. Этот тип изучения процессов основан на методе анализа иерархий. Основной целью применения данного метода является выявление ряда факторов и акторов, оказывающих на механизм управления наибольшее влияние, а также помогает выявить основные проблемы функционирования, устранение которых позволит обеспечить такое качество оказываемых медицинских услуг, которое бы соответствовало установленным нормам и стандартов оказания первичной медико-санитарной, скорой, специализированной и паллиативной помощи. Выявление существующих проблем управления позволит определить основные направления улучшения работы амбулаторно-поликлинического учреждения. Для оптимальной работы системы управления и обеспечения высокого качества оказываемых услуг важной составляющей является экономический фактор. В условиях дефицита финансовых средств он становится все более значимым для сферы медицинского обслуживания The article deals with the study of the main factors and actors characterizing the management system used in an outpatient clinic using the hierarchy analysis method and the constructed system dynamics scheme using the Ithink program. To understand the main operating mechanisms of management, the main goal of the activity of the polyclinic institution and a number of factors affecting its achievement were identified. This type of process learning is based on the hierarchy analysis method. The main purpose of using this method is to identify a number of factors and actors that have the greatest impact on the management mechanism, and also helps to identify the main problems of functioning, the elimination of which will ensure such quality of medical services that would meet the established norms and standards for the provision of primary health care. emergency, specialized and palliative care. Revealing the existing management problems will determine the main directions for improving the work of an outpatient clinic. For the optimal operation of the management system and ensuring the high quality of the services provided, an important component is the economic factor. In the context of a shortage of financial resources, it is becoming more and more important for the health care sector

Out-of-Plane Behavior of Masonry Walls Strengthened with Ferrocement

2010 ◽  
Vol 163-167 ◽  
pp. 3545-3550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Ping Chen
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Load Capacity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Ultimate Load Capacity ◽  
Softening Behavior ◽  
Reinforced Masonry ◽  
Out Of Plane

Un-reinforced masonry (URM) structures may fail and collapse under out-of-plane loads generated by seismic forces or explosions. Adding a ferrocement overlay onto the URM walls is an effective solution in increasing the ultimate load capacity and ductility. This paper deals with the numerical and experimental studies on the out-of-plane behavior of un-reinforced masonry walls strengthened with ferrocement. The material parameters considered are the volume fraction of reinforcement and the loading area. A numerical model was proposed to simulate the experimental results. The employed material model for masonry wall is based on the theory of Drucker-Prager plasticity taking into account the tension softening behavior, while the ferrocement is modeled as a composite material with linear strain hardening followed by ideal plasticity. The proposed model simulates the load-deflection behavior of the strengthened wall well.

scholarly journals Dynamics of cocoa fermentation and its effect on quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana M. Calvo ◽  
Blanca L. Botina ◽  
Maria C. García ◽  
William A. Cardona ◽  
Andrea C. Montenegro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transformation Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Ph Profile ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Chocolate Industry ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Relevant Factors

AbstractSeveral research efforts on cocoa have been focused on parameters for controlling the transformation process to guarantee homogeneity and quality of cocoa beans, the main raw material in the chocolate industry. The main changes that determine the final quality of cocoa—and also the product’s homogeneity—occur during fermentation, given the great number of factors that affect the process. This research seeks to identify the most relevant factors affecting quality in order to offer higher-quality and more homogeneous cocoa for the chocolate industry. The dynamics of the fermentation process were observed in three contrasting locations, monitoring different variables and evaluating the final quality of the cocoa. Results show that temperature and pH profile are the key factors to be monitored and controlled in order to achieve high-quality cocoa beans.

scholarly journals Traditional versus Modern? Perceptions and Preferences of Urban Park Users in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2036
Author(s):  
Fariba Bahriny ◽  
Simon Bell
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Natural Beauty ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Key Aspects

This study involved four parks in Iran—two modern ones located in Tehran and two historical, traditional examples, one in Kashan and one in Esfahan—in order to ask what are the key factors contributing to the satisfaction of visitors to the two types of park and also to compare user’s perceptions and values of the different types. An extensive questionnaire survey was conducted in each park, with a target of 300 responses, using a random sampling technique. Respondents were asked to rate the importance of a number of factors, while thinking about the park they were visiting, using a 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was undertaken. The results of the scores revealed differences between the two types of park. A factor analysis of the pooled results revealed that the key aspects contributing to a visit were named as ‘having fun and enjoying oneself’, in a place with ‘no barriers to using the park’ and ‘leaving one’s cares behind’ followed by ‘relaxing in the presence of natural beauty’. A further Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling analysis was undertaken to determine the main factors affecting the differences in preference for each type of park in relation to the key demographic variables. This revealed that the modern parks were preferred over the traditional ones for three significant sets of factors—recreation, accessibility and culture—and that there was a tendency for the historical parks to been favoured by more educated people. The conclusions are that the modern parks support the main preferred activities to support the quality of life of the population—not through their design per se but because they offer many more recreational opportunities. There is potential to include traditional elements such as water features more into parks. Park planners can take the findings and use them to help improve the quality of the parks over time.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Seismic Performance of Old Masonry Walls

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
Hoijin Kim ◽  
Zheongzun Yi ◽  
Jongsup Park ◽  
Junsuk Kang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Seismic Performance ◽  
Initial Crack ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Masonry Structure ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Masonry Building ◽  
Expected Increase

Due to the increase in the frequency and intensity of earthquakes and the number of old buildings and in Korea, there is an expected increase in the damage to life and property. Therefore, we intend to derive an indicator to evaluate the risk level by conducting a seismic test on old buildings. An initial crack was generated in the masonry structure to reflect the deterioration. The effect of the deterioration on the building was subsequently analyzed by comparing it with the uncracked control group. As a result, the masonry wall, which was the specimen, satisfied the seismic performance, but local failure occurred along the initial crack in the specimen considering the aging. The safety was significantly decreased due to the occurrence of additional cracks. This demonstrates that the cracks caused by the aging of the masonry building greatly damaged the seismic performance of the building.

The Flange Effect of Brick Masonry Wall Subjected to Seismic Effect

2012 ◽  
Vol 193-194 ◽  
pp. 1444-1448
Author(s):  
Na Na Yao ◽  
Wen Fang Zhang ◽  
Jian Wei Wei
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Seismic Effect ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Brick Masonry ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Ductility Factor ◽  
Shear Bearing Capacity ◽  
Force Displacement ◽  
Shaped Cross Section

This paper researces the effect of flange width on anti-seismic performance of flanged brick masonry walls. Four T-shaped cross section unreinforced brick masonry walls with different flange width and one rectangular shaped cross section brick masonry wall are studied and analyzed by ABAQUS finite element method.Analyze and compare the force-displacement curves of flanged brick masonry wall under the composed of vertical and lateral load.The results indicate that the flange width has a significant effect on the shear bearing capacity and ductility. The shear bearing capacity and ductility factor of T-shaped cross section brick masonry walls with 1.6m flange width are respectively 20% and 50% higher than the no flange wall .The flange effect is obvious when the flange width is not more than 1.6m, the value of shear bearing capacity and ductility are higher when the flange width become longer.

Nonlinear structural analysis of a masonry wall

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangli Du ◽  
Thomas Cornelius ◽  
Joergen Nielsen ◽  
Lars Zenke Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Vertical Load ◽  
Load Bearing Capacity ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Support Conditions ◽  
Theoretical Developments

<p>Structural modelling of a masonry wall is challenging due to material properties, eccentricity of the vertical load, slenderness ratio etc. In recent theoretical developments for design of masonry walls, a new “Phi” method to determine the eccentricity is adopted in Eurocode 6. However, the comparisons between this method and the conventional “Ritter” method shows that for certain prerequisites it would result in substantial different load-bearing capacity. Hence, in order to investigate how support conditions influence the load bearing capacity of the wall, this study performs a nonlinear numerical analysis of a wall for several load cases in ABAQUS and the result is verified with an independently developed calculation tool using MATLAB. The results show that the top rotation plays a significant role for the load bearing capacity of the masonry wall supported by slabs at both ends. It is difficult to estimate the eccentricities without a rigorous calculation.</p>

scholarly journals Anisotropy Effect of Masonry on the Behaviour and Bearing Capacity of Masonry Walls

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Smilović Zulim ◽  
J. Radnić
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Nonlinear Material ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Normal Stresses ◽  
Confined Masonry ◽  
Anisotropy Effect ◽  
Normal And Shear Stresses

Firstly, an updated numerical model for the numerical analysis of planar unreinforced and confined masonry walls is presented. The model can simulate the main nonlinear material effects of masonry and reinforced concrete. A simplified anisotropic constitutive model for masonry is developed and presented. The criteria for the limit bearing capacity and collapse of masonry are separately defined for normal stresses only and for normal and shear stresses. The presented numerical model is verified and used to analyse the anisotropy effect of masonry on the behaviour of unreinforced and confined two-story anisotropic masonry walls with different coefficients of anisotropy, wall lengths, and quality of masonry under horizontal static forces. The influence of the anisotropy coefficient of the masonry on the response of the walls is discussed in detail, and the main conclusions are given.

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