ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE TO THE STRUCTURE OF FORTRESS OF WAR IN JALAN TOK HAKIM, KOTA BHARU, KELANTAN

Nur Athmar Hashim; Siti Aisyah Muhammad; Tengku Fauzan Tengku Anuar; Mohd Mokhtar Saidin; Suresh Narayanen; Nur Farhana Shuhaimi

doi:10.35631/ijham.415005

ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE TO THE STRUCTURE OF FORTRESS OF WAR IN JALAN TOK HAKIM, KOTA BHARU, KELANTAN

International Journal of Heritage, Art and Multimedia ◽

10.35631/ijham.415005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (15) ◽

pp. 61-70

Author(s):

Nur Athmar Hashim ◽

Siti Aisyah Muhammad ◽

Tengku Fauzan Tengku Anuar ◽

Mohd Mokhtar Saidin ◽

Suresh Narayanen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Structural Damage ◽

Coastal Areas ◽

World War ◽

Study Results

The British pillboxes in Kelantan are a monument with undeniable historical value. The British built the defense was intended to defend the area from colonial attacks during World War II. However, the study results found that this pillbox was left alone until this structure had been damaged. Some forts were inundated with water and sand because these buildings were mostly in coastal areas. One of the pillboxes that have suffered structural damage is in Jalan Tok Hakim, Kota Bharu, with coordinates 6 ° 07´46.9 ° N 102 ° 14´04.2 ° E. The methods used in this study, observation, measurement, notes, and drawings, identify the damage that has occurred to the structure of this pillbox.

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Phenotypic diversity of BmNPV isolated from different geographical locations of south India

Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment ◽

10.25303/2511rjce7179 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (11) ◽

pp. 71-79

Author(s):

Madhuri Sathyanarayana ◽

S.E. Neelagund ◽

Dayanand B. Sajjan ◽

Rajat Hegde

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

South India ◽

Phenotypic Diversity ◽

World War ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Study Results ◽

Occlusion Bodies ◽

Different Strains ◽

Nuclear Polyhedrosis ◽

Diameter Of Polyhedra

Viral diseases take the lives of n number of silkworms each year resulting in 30-40% of average crop loss. Grasserie is one of the deadly diseases caused by NPV (Nuclear Polyhedrosis virus) for silkworm. BmNPV was observed throughout the year with increased severity in the summer and autumn crops. During the World War II, accidentally effective pest’s suppression was observed by the introduction of baculovirus into the environment. Morphological parameters of occlusion bodies of BmNPV from different strains were examined to validate detailed structure of these viruses. This examination mainly focused on light microscopic and electron microscopic study. Results in intelligible images of HRH, HSR, KNK, MSI and VKK BmNPV isolates under various magnifications were observed. The diameter of completely formed OBs of HRH, HSR, KNK, MSI, VKK was found to be 1.2 to 2.8 μm, 1.4 to 3.2 μm, 0.8 to 2.6 μm and 1.1 to 2.9 μm, 1.1 to 3.4 μm. Granulated OBs size ranges from 0.5 to 2.4μm. The diameter of polyhedra ranges about 0.6–1.6μm. Thus, uncovering these aspects may help to spell out indetail phenotypic diversity of BmNPV isolates from south India.

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Spatial Chaos as a Result of War Damage and Post-War Transformations. Example of the Small Town of Węgorzewo

Land ◽

10.3390/land10050541 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 541

Author(s):

Łukasz Musiaka ◽

Paweł Sudra ◽

Tomasz Spórna

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Public Space ◽

Urban Landscape ◽

Spatial Arrangement ◽

Small Towns ◽

World War ◽

European Cities ◽

Spatial Chaos ◽

Study Results ◽

Post War

World War II’s military activities and the post-war devastation period destroyed many European cities and towns. One of the areas that was struck the most was former East Prussia, currently located in Poland and the Kaliningrad Region (the Russian Federation). In addition to the destruction of cities, which are strategically and economically important, small towns have also suffered. An example of such a town is Węgorzewo, where the scale of destruction of the pre-war urban tissue exceeded 80%, and the old town’s built-up area practically ceased to exist. This town magnifies most of the processes and spatial problems characteristic of Central and Eastern Europe’s towns of the “metamorphic” type. Post-war zoning during the Polish People’s Republic period, in the spirit of constructing a socialist town and bypassing the original spatial arrangement, brought about irreversible changes in the urban tissue. This was reflected in the break with the town’s original layout and the creation of modernist buildings. The changes were solidified or even deepened during the economic and political transition of the 1990s in Poland. Today, decades after the end of World War II, despite taking corrective measures, the town is still facing the problem of spatial chaos. Its morphological and physiognomic manifestations in the lack of a central public space, the loss of its historic character, the disharmonization of the urban landscape, and the dispersed development are the main subjects of this article’s analysis. This study uses a diverse methodological apparatus consisting of an analysis of the town’s morphological transformations, an analysis of the physiognomy of the urban landscape and architecture, in situ studies, and an analysis of municipal documents and expert interviews. In the discussion, the study results are embedded in the context of the cases of other European cities and towns. The conclusions indicate the risks to the formation of spatial order in Węgorzewo and possible paths of action.

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