scholarly journals « Toil of the noble world » : Pasquale Stanislao Mancini, Augusto Pierantoni and the international legal discourse of 19th century Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Discourse ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Colonial Education ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Droit International ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Xixe Siècle

The aim of this article is to reconstruct, from a legal historical point of view, the complexity and the meaning of international law in the Italian peninsula during the 19th century. The paper will analyse different entanglements that constituted the core of nineteenth-century Italian international legal discourse. It is structured in four sections, dealing respectively with : 1) the principle of nationality elaborated by Pasquale Stanislao Mancini and its repercussion both on private and public international law ; 2) the return to the historical origins of Italian international law and the role played by comparative constitutional law ; 3) the implementation and translation of particular legal genres, such as the attempts to codify international law ; 4) colonial education, including legal education, through the creation of the Scuola diplomatico-coloniale (colonial and diplomatic school). L’objectif de cet article est de reconstruire, d’un point de vue historico-juridique, la complexité et la signification du droit international dans la péninsule italienne au cours du xixe siècle. L’article analysera les différents enchevêtrements qui constituaient le cœur du discours juridique international italien du xixe siècle et il est structuré en quatre sections, traitant respectivement de : 1) la déclinaison du principe de la nationalité élaboré par Pasquale Stanislao Mancini, et sa répercussion sur le droit international privé et public ; 2) le retour aux origines historiques du droit international italien et le rôle joué par le droit constitutionnel comparé ; 3) la mise en œuvre et la traduction de genres juridiques particuliers, comme la codification internationale ; 4) l’éducation coloniale, y compris l’éducation juridique, par la création de la Scuola diplomatico-coloniale (école coloniale et diplomatique).

scholarly journals Thérèse Raquin d’Émile Zola : la notion de tempérament entre l’héritage antique et l’apport de la physiologie du XIXe siècle

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Anna Kaczmarek-Wiśniewska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Xixe Siècle ◽  
Physiological Theory

Therese Raquin, Zola’s first important work, is based on the modern version of the old physiological theory of “temperaments”, e.g. the combination of four cardinal “humours” that determine a man’s physical and mental constitution. Through the story of two murderers, an adulterous woman and her lover who kill the woman’s husband, the author shows the mutual influence of two temperaments considered in the 19th century as more important than all the others: sanguine and melancholic (or nervous). The novel intends to “verify” a theory dealing with the consequences of each type of temperament for people’s behaviour, their relationships and their internal life.

Comment présenter un phonème moribond: L’ancienlmouillé français vu par les hispanophones

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-98
Author(s):  
Manuel Bruña Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Time Difference ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Xixe Siècle ◽  
Donne Lieu ◽  
Langue Maternelle

SUMMARY During the 19th century the old palatallof French (in, e.g.,travailler,travail,fille) definitively gave way to /j/. During about the same period Spanish underwent a similar evolution, but the process of substitution of /j/ for /ʎ/ found itself in a less advanced stage than in French; indeed, certain varieties of present-day Spanish still maintain these two phonemes. Taking all the works together which during the 19th and the first half of the 20th century were addressed to the teaching of French to speakers of Spanish, the author concentrates his attention on the difficulties that the authors encountered when presenting this dying or already deceased phoneme (namely, the palatallof French) to an audience which, although it still possessed this phoneme in their own language, had begun to find it difficult to distinguish the diverse phonetic realizations that the Spanish /j/ was acquiring. As is shown in this study, the time difference in the evolution of this phenomenon of dephonologization in French and, with some delay, also in Spanish led the authors of these textbooks to misunderstandings and errors in the treatment of the disappearing or vanished former palatallof French.RÉSUMÉ Au XIXe siècle, l’ancienlpalatal du français (travailler,travail,fille) laissait définitivement sa place à /j/. L’espagnol subissait, vers la même époque, une évolution similaire, mais le processus de substitution de /j/ à /ʎ/ se trouvait dans cette langue bien moins avancé qu’en français; de fait, certaines variétés de l’espagnol actuel possèdent encore les deux phonèmes. En prenant comme corpus l’ensemble des ouvrages destinés à l’apprentissage du français par les hispanophones au XIXe siècle et dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, nous centrons fondamentalement notre attention sur les difficultés qu’ont éprouvées leurs auteurs à présenter un phonème moribond ou déjà mort (lpalatal français) à un public qui, quoique le possédant encore dans sa langue maternelle, avait lui aussi de plus en plus de mal à le distinguer des diverses réalisations phoniques qu’adopte le /j/ espagnol. Le décalage temporel entre l’évolution de ce phénomène de déphonologisation en français et en espagnol donne lieu chez nos auteurs à des malentendus et à des erreurs d’appréciation que nous passons en revue dans cet article.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Im 19. Jahrhundert überläßt der alte Palatalldes Französischen (travailler,travail,fille) definitiv seinen Platz dem Phonem /j/. Im Spanischen erfolgt um die gleiche Zeit eine ähnliche Entwicklung, wobei allerdings der Wandel von /j/ zu /ʎ/ nicht so weit fortgeschritten ist. Daher haben einige Varietäten des Spanischen heute noch beide Varianten des Phonems. Bei einem Corpus, das die Gesamtheit der Französischlehrbücher für Spanier des 19. Jahrunderts umfaßt, konzentrieren wir uns auf die Schwierigkeiten, welche ihre Autoren bei der Präsentation eines untergehenden (bzw. bereits untergegangenen) Phonems für ein Publikum hatten, welches ebenfalls immer größere Schwierigkeiten hatte, die unterschiedlichen Realisierungen des Phonems /j/ in seiner eigenen Sprache getrennt wahrzunehmen. Die Phasenverschiebung bei der Entphonologisierung im Französischen und im Spanischen führt bei den Verfassern zu Mißverständnissen und Irrtümern, welche in dem Beitrag analysiert werden.

scholarly journals Caïn et Abel : de la Bible à la peinture du XIXe siècle

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 491-510
Author(s):  
Christos Nikou
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cain And Abel ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
Literary Myth ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Xixe Siècle

This article proposes to examine, first of all, the literary myth of Cain, whose different mythemes meet much more in his representation in painting than in his literary rewritings. Apart from this, the article undertakes to study the pictorial choices of the representation of the biblical episode of Cain and Abel in four paintings from four different artistic movements of the 19th century, in order to see how each artistic movement and each painter appropriates and then transposes the episode of the enemy brothers into painting. Cet article se propose d’examiner, dans un premier temps, le mythe littéraire de Caïn dont les différents mythèmes se rencontrent beaucoup plus dans sa représentation en peinture que dans ses réécritures littéraires. Dans un second temps, l’article entreprend d’étudier les choix picturaux de la représentation de l’épisode biblique de Caïn et Abel dans quatre tableaux issus de quatre courants artistiques différents du xixe siècle, afin de voir comment chaque courant artistique et chaque peintre s’approprie et, par la suite, transpose en peinture l’épisode des frères ennemis.

scholarly journals Imaginaire médiatique et dynamique du regard dans l’œuvre proustienne

1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Carrier-Lafleur
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Marcel Proust ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Lost Time ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Xixe Siècle

Cet article propose d’analyser deux aspects majeurs, et pourtant méconnus, d’À la recherche du temps perdu : d’une part, celui d’« imaginaire médiatique », d’autre part, celui de « dynamique du regard ». Tous deux sont propres au XIXe siècle français, espace-temps d’inventions majeures pour notre modernité culturelle et artistique. Le texte proustien, un pied dans le XIEe siècle et l’autre dans le XXe, apparaît ainsi comme un catalyseur et comme un passeur. Le « temps retrouvé » de la Recherche, c’est aussi celui d’un XIXe siècle rendu sensible par le roman, médiatisé par l’œuvre. Le déploiement et la floraison de ces deux thématiques (la première questionnant la problématique de la mondanité et l’autre celle de l’imaginaire de l’œil et de la vision) seront relevés de façon générale dans la Recherche, puis on proposera deux études de cas ― sur le journal et sur la photographie ― qui viendront les illustrer.AbstractThis article proposes to analyze two major aspects of the novel À la recherche du temps perdu (In search of lost time/Remembrance of things past), by Marcel Proust: on one hand, what is called “l’imaginaire médiatique”, on the other hand, “la dynamique du regard”. Both are specific to the 19th century in France, time and place of major inventions for our cultural and artistic modernity. The proustian novel, a foot in the 19th century and the other in the 20th, seems thus like a catalyst and a frontier runner. The “time regained” by In search of lost time is also that of the 19th century, precisely mediated by the novel. The deployment of these two sets of themes (the first questioning the problems of “mondanité” — social life, social network, social gossip and so on —, the second those of vision in a civilization of the eye) will be generally identified in the novel, after which two case studies (on newspapers and on photography) will be proposed to illustrate them.

scholarly journals Du papier au numérique : étude exploratoire des usages des collections de presse ancienne et des pratiques afférentes

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Paganelli ◽  
Evelyne Mounier ◽  
Stéphanie Pouchot
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Xixe Siècle

Notre recherche vise à mieux cerner et comparer les usages des collections de presse ancienne papier et numérisée. Elle s'appuie sur les collections de journaux du XIXe siècle de la bibliothèque municipale de Lyon et appréhende les pratiques de ces lecteurs en matière de recherche d'information et de consultation. The goal of our research is to better identify and understand the use of old print collections in paper and electronic formats. Work is based on newspaper collections from the 19th century held at the Lyon public library and reports on readers’ information-seeking and consultation practices.

CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS: I. THE CODIFICATION OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE BELGIAN EXPERIENCE

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aude Florini
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Fundamental Constant ◽  
Logical Structure ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Droit International ◽  
The 19Th Century

Last year saw the 200th anniversary of one of the most influential national codes,1the FrenchCode civilof 1804. The celebration of this Napoleonic achievement has led in turn to renewed discussions on the understanding, purpose and contemporary form of codification.2At the same time 2004 saw Belgium adopt its very first Code of private international law.3Codification is so closely associated with continental Europe4that it may be startling to read that civilian legal systems are not entirely codified. In fact despite the arguable closeness of domestic substantive rules and conflict of law rules, this area of law largely escaped the codification process of the 19th century. What is more remarkable is the fact that the newCode de droit international privéappears to be a codification in the classical form. It represents not simply a compendium of existing statutes but a detailed reform of the entire area.5It is certainly true that in contemporary Europe the elaboration of classical codes, once viewed as the expression of affirmed political power,6has become a rather exceptional occurrence. This is not to say that codification is no longer a fundamental constant of the civilian tradition. Civil law systems are still essentially founded on the precedence of enacted and in principle codified7general rules on the basis of which solutions are to be deduced. However, codification is polymorphic,8and codes, which ideally display a number of attributes— coherence, logical structure, absence of contradiction, conformity of codified and applied law, completeness, clarity, ease of use and publicity9—may seek to achieve the general purpose of the formal simplification or systematization of the law in different ways. Indeed in Europe the aspiration of creating ‘perfect laws’10that prevailed throughout the golden age of classical codification in the 19th century, has largely given way to less demanding forms of codification.11Recent years have concurrently seen movements of decodification12as well as recodification,13and witnessed the creation of generally less ambitious codification-compilations14which gather and order existing rules in specific areas without engaging in reform.15This final development ought not to be regarded as surprising as the combination of reform and codification is far from simple:experience shows that it is very difficult truly to do both at the same time […] The reform shall precede the codification process so that the latter may integrate the former, or the codification shall precede the reform in order to facilitate its realisation: it is more opportune and more intelligible to reform in view of the legal state clearly revealed by codification.16

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