scholarly journals Caracterización mutacional y funcional de las proteínas de movimiento de ophiovirus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
María Belén Borniego

Las plagas de los cultivos son una gran amenaza para la producción agrícola, en particular, las enfermedades virales son responsables de importantes pérdidas económicas en la producción de cultivos de importancia mundial. Los ophiovirus son virus de plantas causantes de importantes enfermedades en cultivos de cítricos, lechuga, arándanos y plantas ornamentales. La psorosis de los cítricos es una enfermedad viral causada por el ophiovirus Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV), que produce un deterioro progresivo de los árboles al afectar sus tejidos conductores. Hasta el momento, no se conocen cultivares resistentes a CPsV. La enfermedad se ha reportado en muchas regiones productoras de cítricos a lo largo de todo el mundo. En nuestro país, se disemina de manera natural, reduciendo la producción de cítricos. La situación de la citricultura en todos los países de nuestra región se encuentra en expansión y constituye una actividad de muy alta importancia económica en la mayoría de éstos, con especial impacto en sus economías. El Big-vein de lechuga es otra enfermedad importante causada por ophiovirus que afecta a las principales áreas de producción de lechuga en nuestra región. El agente etiológico es el ophiovirus Mirafiori lettuce big vein virus (MiLBVV), el cual es transmitido por zoosporas móviles del hongo Olpidium virulentus. El big-vein causa serios problemas en los cultivos de lechuga durante los períodos más fríos del año y afecta a todos los tipos de lechuga que crecen en suelo al aire libre o bajo cubierta, y a los cultivos hidropónicos. La importancia económica de la enfermedad se debe a los síntoma del follaje, que reducen el valor de mercado, y a los retrasos en la formación de la cabeza y la disminución del tamaño de la planta, que reduce la proporción de plantas cosechables, ya que estas plantas suelen ser descartadas en el momento de la cosecha. Los cultivos de arándanos y variedades ornamentales como tulipán, fresia y ranúnculo también se encuentran afectados por ophiovirus. Debido a las pérdidas económicas ocasionadas por los ophiovirus, resulta de interés comprender el proceso infectivo responsable de las enfermedades causadas por estos virus para el diseño de nuevas estrategias que ayuden a controlar su diseminación. En este trabajo de tesis, se realizó un análisis exhaustivo de la secuencia y la predicción de estructura secundaria, junto con estudios funcionales sobre las MPs de esta familia de virus segmentados negativos. Se encontró que la MP de los ophiovirus es un miembro aislado de la superfamilia 30K, con una organización estructural única. En los ophiovirus, el ácido aspártico conservado dentro de este dominio es necesario para aumentar el tamaño límite de exclusión molecular de los plasmodesmos, para mantener su capacidad NCAP y para dirigir el movimiento célula a célula de un vector viral de TMV deficiente en tal movimiento. Además, hemos logrado identificar otros posibles dominios y motivos funcionales presentes en la MP de CPsV, involucrados tanto en su localización subcelular como en su actividad como proteína de movimiento viral. Así, se encontró una NLS_BP funcional entre los aminoácidos 255 y 271, y la presencia de una posible señal de localización en plasmodesmos y de un péptido de tránsito a cloroplastos, ambos presentes en la región amino terminal de la MP. Encontramos que la región C-terminal es necesaria para que la proteína conserve la actividad proteasa, sin embargo, no sería necesaria para la función de movimiento célula a célula de la MP. Los ensayos de movimiento sistémico con virus híbridos, nos permitieron mostrar las primeras evidencias que afirman la idea de que el transporte sistémico de los ophiovirus estaría regulado por sus MP. Por ensayos de coinmunoprecipitación, hemos logrado identificar un número importante de proteínas de la planta que estarían interaccionando con la MP de CPsV. Por búsqueda bibliográfica, se encontró que un alto porcentaje de éstas participan en el transporte celular de macromoléculas y en las distintas etapas de expresión génica. También se identificaron una cantidad significativa de chaperonas, de proteínas asociadas con la respuesta frente a patógenos y hormonas, y de proteínas del sistema ubiquitina-proteasoma. Por último, se confirmó la localización de la proteína 24K en nucléolo, Cajal bodies, microtúbulos y posiblemente D-bodies. Por medio de un análisis bioinformático, seguido del correspondiente análisis mutacional, se encontró la presencia de una posible señal de exportación nuclear que sería requerida para la correcta localización nucleolar de la proteína. Además, se encontró un posible motivo WG/GW de unión a la proteína argonauta que sería necesario para la localización de 24K en D-bodies. La región carboxilo terminal sería requerida para la acumulación de la proteína en nucléolo, mientras que la región amino terminal estaría involucrada en la acumulación de la proteína en agregados en nucleoplasma.

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Robles Luna ◽  
Eduardo José Peña ◽  
María Belén Borniego ◽  
Manfred Heinlein ◽  
María Laura García

ABSTRACTPlant virus cell-to-cell movement is an essential step in viral infections. This process is facilitated by specific virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs), which manipulate the cell wall channels between neighboring cells known as plasmodesmata (PD). Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) infection in sweet orange involves the formation of tubule-like structures within PD, suggesting that CPsV belongs to “tubule-forming” viruses that encode MPs able to assemble a hollow tubule extending between cells to allow virus movement. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that the MP of CPsV (MPCPsV) indeed forms tubule-like structures at PD upon transient expression inNicotiana benthamianaleaves. Tubule formation by MPCPsVdepends on its cleavage capacity, mediated by a specific aspartic protease motif present in its primary sequence. A single amino acid mutation in this motif abolishes MPCPsVcleavage, alters the subcellular localization of the protein, and negatively affects its activity in facilitating virus movement. The amino-terminal 34-kDa cleavage product (34KCPsV), but not the 20-kDa fragment (20KCPsV), supports virus movement. Moreover, similar to tubule-forming MPs of other viruses, MPCPsV(and also the 34KCPsVcleavage product) can homooligomerize, interact with PD-located protein 1 (PDLP1), and assemble tubule-like structures at PD by a mechanism dependent on the secretory pathway. 20KCPsVretains the protease activity and is able to cleave a cleavage-deficient MPCPsVintrans. Altogether, these results demonstrate that CPsV movement depends on the autolytic cleavage of MPCPsVby an aspartic protease activity, which removes the 20KCPsVprotease and thereby releases the 34KCPsVprotein for PDLP1-dependent tubule formation at PD.IMPORTANCEInfection by citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) involves a self-cleaving aspartic protease activity within the viral movement protein (MP), which results in the production of two peptides, termed 34KCPsVand 20KCPsV, that carry the MP and viral protease activities, respectively. The underlying protease motif within the MP is also found in the MPs of other members of theAspiviridaefamily, suggesting that protease-mediated protein processing represents a conserved mechanism of protein expression in this virus family. The results also demonstrate that CPsV and potentially other ophioviruses move by a tubule-guided mechanism. Although several viruses from different genera were shown to use this mechanism for cell-to-cell movement, our results also demonstrate that this mechanism is controlled by posttranslational protein cleavage. Moreover, given that tubule formation and virus movement could be inhibited by a mutation in the protease motif, targeting the protease activity for inactivation could represent an important approach for ophiovirus control.


2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (17) ◽  
pp. 4729-4741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Kiriyama ◽  
Yohei Kobayashi ◽  
Motoki Saito ◽  
Fuyuki Ishikawa ◽  
Shin Yonehara

ABSTRACT FLASH has been shown to be required for S phase progression and to interact with a nuclear protein, ataxia-telangiectasia locus (NPAT), a component of Cajal bodies in the nucleus and an activator of histone transcription. We investigated the role of human FLASH by using an inducible FLASH knockdown system in the presence or absence of various mutant forms of mouse FLASH. While carboxyl-terminal deletion mutants of FLASH, which do not interact with NPAT, can support S phase progression, its amino-terminal deletion mutants, which are unable to self associate, cannot support S phase progression, replication-dependent histone transcription, or the formation of Cajal bodies. Furthermore, FLASH was shown to be associated with arsenite resistance protein 2 (ARS2) through its central region, which is composed of only 13 amino acids. The expression of ARS2 and the interaction between FLASH and ARS2 are required for S phase progression. Taking these results together, FLASH functions in S phase progression through interaction with ARS2.


2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan J. Campbell ◽  
Kenneth I. Mitchelhill ◽  
Stephen M. Schlicht ◽  
Russell J. Booth

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (02) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R Shainoff ◽  
Deborah J Stearns ◽  
Patricia M DiBello ◽  
Youko Hishikawa-Itoh

SummaryThe studies reported here probe the existence of a receptor-mediated mode of fibrin-binding by macrophages that is associated with the chemical change underlying the fibrinogen-fibrin conversion (the release of fibrinopeptides from the amino-terminal domain) without depending on fibrin-aggregation. The question is pursued by 1) characterization of binding in relation to fibrinopeptide content of both the intact protein and the CNBr-fragment comprising the amino-terminal domain known as the NDSK of the protein, 2) tests of competition for binding sites, and 3) photo-affinity labeling of macrophage surface proteins. The binding of intact monomers of types lacking either fibrinopeptide A alone (α-fibrin) or both fibrinopeptides A and B (αβ-fibrin) by peritoneal macrophages is characterized as proceeding through both a fibrin-specific low density/high affinity (BMAX ≃ 200–800 molecules/cell, KD ≃ 10−12 M) interaction that is not duplicated with fibrinogen, and a non-specific high density/low affinity (BMAX ≥ 105 molecules/cell, KD ≥ 10−6 M) interaction equivalent to the weak binding of fibrinogen. Similar binding characteristics are displayed by monocyte/macrophage cell lines (J774A.1 and U937) as well as peritoneal macrophages towards the NDSK preparations of these proteins, except for a slightly weaker (KD ≃ 10−10 M) high-affinity binding. The high affinity binding of intact monomer is inhibitable by fibrin-NDSK, but not fibrinogen-NDSK. This binding appears principally dependent on release of fibrinopeptide-A, because a species of fibrin (β-fibrin) lacking fibrinopeptide-B alone undergoes only weak binding similar to that of fibrinogen. Synthetic Gly-Pro-Arg and Gly-His-Arg-Pro corresponding to the N-termini of to the α- and the β-chains of fibrin both inhibit the high affinity binding of the fibrin-NDSKs, and the cell-adhesion peptide Arg-Gly-Asp does not. Photoaffinity-labeling experiments indicate that polypeptides with elec-trophoretically estimated masses of 124 and 187 kDa are the principal membrane components associated with specifically bound fibrin-NDSK. The binding could not be up-regulated with either phorbol myristyl acetate, interferon gamma or ADP, but was abolished by EDTA and by lipopolysaccharide. Because of the low BMAX, it is suggested that the high-affinity mode of binding characterized here would be too limited to function by itself in scavenging much fibrin, but may act cooperatively with other, less limited modes of fibrin binding.


1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (05) ◽  
pp. 867-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dingeman C Rijken ◽  
Gerard A W de Munk ◽  
Annie F H Jie

SummaryIn order to define the possible effects of heparin on the fibrinolytic system under physiological conditions, we studied the interactions of this drug with plasminogen and its activators at various ionic strengths. As reported in recent literature, heparin stimulated the activation of Lys-plasminogen by high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) two-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and two-chain tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) 10- to 17-fold. Our results showed, however, that this stimulation only occurred at low ionic strength and was negligible at a physiological salt concentration. Direct binding studies were performed using heparin-agarose column chromatography. The interaction between heparin and Lys-plasminogen appeared to be salt sensitive, which explains at least in part why heparin did not stimulate plasminogen activation at 0.15 M NaCl. The binding of u-PA and t-PA to heparinagarose was less salt sensitive. Results were consistent with heparin binding sites on both LMW u-PA and the amino-terminal part of HMW u-PA. Single-chain t-PA bound more avidly than two-chain t-PA. The interactions between heparin and plasminogen activators can occur under physiological conditions and may modulate the fibrinolytic system.


1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (02) ◽  
pp. 313-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
D J Kim ◽  
A Girolami ◽  
H L James

SummaryNaturally occurring plasma factor XFriuli (pFXFr) is marginally activated by both the extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathways and has impaired catalytic potential. These studies were initiated to obtain confirmation that this molecule is multi-functionally defective due to the substitution of Ser for Pro at position 343 in the catalytic domain. By the Nelson-Long site-directed mutagenesis procedure a construct of cDNA in pRc/CMV was derived for recombinant factor XFriuli (rFXFr) produced in human embryonic (293) kidney cells. The rFXFr was purified and shown to have a molecular size identical to that of normal plasma factor X (pFX) by gel electrophoretic, and amino-terminal sequencing revealed normal processing cleavages. Using recombinant normal plasma factor X (rFXN) as a reference, the post-translational y-carboxy-glutamic acid (Gla) and (β-hydroxy aspartic acid (β-OH-Asp) content of rFXFr was over 85% and close to 100%, respectively, of expected levels. The specific activities of rFXFr in activation and catalytic assays were the same as those of pFXFr. Molecular modeling suggested the involvement of a new H-bond between the side-chains of Ser-343 and Thr-318 as they occur in anti-parallel (3-pleated sheets near the substrate-binding pocket of pFXFr. These results support the conclusion that the observed mutation in pFXFr is responsible for its dysfunctional activation and catalytic potentials, and that it accounts for the moderate bleeding tendency in the homozygous individuals who possess this variant procoagulant.


1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (04) ◽  
pp. 351-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Murakawa ◽  
Takashi Okamura ◽  
Takumi Kamura ◽  
Tsunefumi Shibuya ◽  
Mine Harada ◽  
...  

SummaryThe partial amino acid sequences of fibrinogen Aα-chains from five mammalian species have been inferred by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). From the genomic DNA of the rhesus monkey, pig, dog, mouse and Syrian hamster, the DNA fragments coding for α-C domains in the Aα-chains were amplified and sequenced. In all species examined, four cysteine residues were always conserved at the homologous positions. The carboxy- and amino-terminal portions of the α-C domains showed a considerable homology among the species. However, the sizes of the middle portions, which corresponded to the internal repeat structures, showed an apparent variability because of several insertions and/or deletions. In the rhesus monkey, pig, mouse and Syrian hamster, 13 amino acid tandem repeats fundamentally similar to those in humans and the rat were identified. In the dog, however, tandem repeats were found to consist of 18 amino acids, suggesting an independent multiplication of the canine repeats. The sites of the α-chain cross-linking acceptor and α2-plasmin inhibitor cross-linking donor were not always evolutionally conserved. The arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence was not found in the amplified region of either the rhesus monkey or the pig. In the canine α-C domain, two RGD sequences were identified at the homologous positions to both rat and human RGD S. In the Syrian hamster, a single RGD sequence was found at the same position to that of the rat. Triplication of the RGD sequences was seen in the murine fibrinogen α-C domain around the homologous site to the rat RGDS sequence. These findings are of some interest from the point of view of structure-function and evolutionary relationships in the mammalian fibrinogen Aα-chains.


1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Nieuwenhuizen ◽  
I. A. M. van Ruijven-Vermeer ◽  
F. Haverkate ◽  
G. Timan

A novel method will be described for the preparation and purification of fibrin(ogen) degradation products in high yields. The high yields are due to two factors. on the one hand an improved preparation method in which the size heterogeneity of the degradation products D is strongly reduced by plasmin digestion at well-controlled calcium concentrations. At calcium concentrations of 2mM exclusively D fragments, M.W.= 93-000 (Dcate) were formed; in the presence of 1OmM EGTA only fragments M.W.= 80.000 (D EGTA) were formed as described. on the other hand a new purification method, which includes Sephadex G-200 filtration to purify the D:E complexes and separation of the D and E fragments by a 16 hrs. preparative isoelectric focussing. The latter step gives a complete separation of D (fragments) (pH = 6.5) and E fragments (at pH = 4.5) without any overlap, thus allowing a nearly 100% recovery in this step. The overall recoveries are around 75% of the theoretical values. These recoveries are superior to those of existing procedures. Moreover the conditions of this purification procedure are very mild and probably do not affect the native configuration of the products. Amino-terminal amino acids of human Dcate, D EGTA and D-dimer are identical i.e. val, asx and ser. in the ratgly, asx and ser were found. E 1% for rat Dcate=17-8 for rat D EGTA=16.2 and for rat D- dimer=l8.3. for the corresponding human fragments, these values were all 20.0 ± 0.2.


2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Shanmugam Uthamalingam ◽  
James L Januzzi ◽  
◽  


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