scholarly journals Why Scientific Research is Imperative for Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development in Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Bilal U. Haq
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
Technological Breakthrough ◽  
The Us ◽  
Research Leadership ◽  
The Government ◽  
Acquisition Of Expertise ◽  
Innovation And Entrepreneurship

Indigenous scientific research is vital for a country’s long-term economic growth. The simple transference of technology or acquisition of expertise ultimately has developmental limitations. Examples from the hydrocarbon industry clearly illustrate this paradox: oil-rich developing countries can afford to procure expert advice with ease, but rarely develop the new skills essential to make the next technological breakthrough or scientific paradigm shift. Underlying this failing is often the absence of a culture of open scientific enquiry. For resource-deficient countries, this is compounded by the dearth of infrastructure. Such countries argue that they cannot afford to finance scientific research, although this does not always require large investments up front. Software research and development is a good example, requiring primarily technical knowhow, skilled labor and a desire for innovative success. The deficit of scientific research in Pakistan stems from many of these factors, even though the requisite human resources are available in abundance. Innovation and entrepreneurship requires a special mix of encouragement and incentives from the government and industry. This paper outlines some of these issues based on the author’s experience of several decades of research leadership and funding in the US and Europe, and his involvement in transferring advanced scientific knowledge to developing as well as developed countries.

Development Status and Countermeasures of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Service Platform in China's Universities

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 6180-6189
Author(s):  
Wang Yong ◽  
Zhang Yaohui
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
Service Platform ◽  
Development Status ◽  
Support For Innovation ◽  
The Government ◽  
Innovation And Entrepreneurship

Innovation and entrepreneurship service platforms in colleges and universities bear the dual responsibility of education on and support for innovation and entrepreneurship. However, at present, they are confronted with such problems as insufficient government policy publicity, insignificant transformation effect of scientific research achievements, fragile business environment, and weak financing function. To continue to advance the construction of innovation and entrepreneurship service platform for college students, it is necessary to improve the government environment of those platforms within colleges and universities, build the service platform based on the transformation of teachers’ scientific research achievements, enhance the business environment for college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship, and promote the financing capacity of colleges’ incubators.

Strategies for Business Firms in Declining Markets

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Sarira Aurangabadkar
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Government Growth ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
Reserve Bank ◽  
The Us ◽  
Manufacturing Activity ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk

The economic crisis that has engulfed the world since 2007 has become serious by the first quarter of 2009.Many developed countries too are affected severely, namely the US, Germany, the UK and others. Fortunately, India as of now seems to be less affected, yet the winds of global recession are now felt. The Indian economy grew at an annual rate of 7.6% in the quarter ending in September, 2008. As per the projections of the government growth in the fiscal year, 2008-09 could be in the range of 7 to 8 %, which is, lower than 9% in the last year. The government has unveiled a multibillion dollar stimulus on 7th December, 2008 and 2nd January, 2009 respectively. The Reserve Bank of India has cut interest rates aggressively. India Inc has felt the heat of the global meltdown in the third quarter ending in December, 2008 where the income has dropped by a massive 23% points compared to the previous year. Indian manufacturing activity has contracted for the second consecutive month in December, 2008 to its lowest in more than three and half years. India’s exports too have declined by 12.1 % in October, 2008 showing a negative trend for the first time in the last five years.

scholarly journals Going Solo: On the Substitutability between Paid-Employment and Self-Employment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Congregado ◽  
Antonio A. Golpe ◽  
Vicente Esteve
Keyword(s):  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Paid Employment ◽  
The Us ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Employment Rates

This paper provides estimates of the elasticity of substitution between operational and managerial jobs in the US economy covering a period of almost five decades, derived from an aggregate CES production function. Estimating the long-term relationship between (the log of) the aggregate employment/self-employment ratio and (the log of) the returns from paid-employment relative to self-employment and testing for structural breaks, we report different estimates of the elasticity of substitution in each of the two regimes identified. Our results help to understand and interpret one of the most intriguing aspects in the evolution of self-employment rates in developed countries: the reversal of the trend in self-employment rates. Our estimates show that a higher level of development is associated with a greater number of entrepreneurs and smaller firms. Some rationales for understanding the growth of the elasticity between paid-employment and self-employment, including the recent trends in the digital economy—are also suggested.

scholarly journals Public perceptions of federal science advisory boards depend on their composition

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (37) ◽  
pp. 22668-22670
Author(s):  
Caitlin Drummond ◽  
Sara Goto Gray ◽  
Kaitlin T. Raimi ◽  
Robyn Wilson ◽  
Joseph Árvai
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
Academic Scientists ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Advisory Boards ◽  
Science Advisory ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government ◽  
Public Views

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Science Advisory Board (SAB) provides expert advice to inform agency decision-making. Recent regulations have decreased the representation of academic scientists on the EPA SAB and increased the representation of industry scientists. In an experiment, we asked how the US public views the goals and legitimacy of the board as a function of its composition. Respondents perceived SABs with a majority of industry scientists to be more likely to promote business interests than SABs with a majority of academic scientists. Liberals were less likely than conservatives to perceive industry-majority SABs as promoting human health and the environment, and making unbiased and evidence-based decisions. Our findings underscore the potential for politicization of scientific advice to the government.

Forecast on China's New Energy Vehicle Market Demand

2014 ◽  
Vol 496-500 ◽  
pp. 2822-2826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Shi ◽  
Bin Liu ◽  
Yong He Huang ◽  
Hua Liang Hou
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Financial Policies ◽  
The Us ◽  
New Energy ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Energy Vehicle ◽  
New Energy Vehicles

With the rapid development of new energy vehicle in China, the volume has been the hot topic in the fields of automotive industry. A series of subsidy and financial policies has been released by the government. Peoples in this industry care about the effective of the policies especially the new energy vehicles volume and market share in China. In this paper, we analysis the development experience of developed countries such as the US and Japan, and calculate the new energy vehicles volume and market share in China from 2015 to 2020 by model. Its more effective to the government department to draw a plan of new energy vehicle development blue print.

scholarly journals The Tendency Towards Secondarity in Managing Global Imbalances

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-311
Author(s):  
Lucian Croitoru
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Vicious Circle ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Real Interest Rates ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Eu

Abstract In this study, we analyse the factors that have led to the fall of real interest rates on the long term. We show that this tendency, i.e. the fall in real interest rates, which began three decades ago in developed countries is well explained by the emergence and growth of the global saving glut. We formulate the hypothesis according to which the increase in the global excess saving is mostly the result of a process whereby countries place themselves on a secondary position vis-à-vis the US (i.e. secondarity) with regard to taking and managing risks which occur after a crisis. The ensuing peculiarity of global excess saving is that it is generated in an increasing number of countries or economic areas, with the overwhelming part located in a few of them, while the overwhelming part of the global deficit of savings is located in the US. Secondarity is caused both by governments, which have sought to move to excess saving, as was the case of Asian countries (Bernanke, 2005), or to capping budget deficits, as it happened in the Eurozone and in the EU, and by the free choice of every economic agent in the private sector. Secondarity represents a major cause for a vicious circle in which the decline in interest rates to ever lower levels has led to the emergence of financial bubbles, whose bursting requires the further reduction of interest rates, thus generating new bubbles and so on and so forth. Misinterpreted in real time as the “Great Moderation”, this vicious circle went unobserved.

scholarly journals Structure, role and purpose of naval force in the 21st century: US DOD perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (396) ◽  
pp. 171-188
Author(s):  
O. Savchenko ◽  
◽  
V. Polovinkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Funding ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Navy ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
The Government

Object and purpose of research. The article is an extensive analytical review devoted to modern management decisions at the level of the government and the three key US naval services – the Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard, collectively known as the Naval Service, as well as the main trends in the development of the US Navy. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of the latest strategic documents defining the short-term and long-term plans for the US naval shipbuilding, adopted in 2020–2021. Main results. The main directions of the US Navy public funding are described in detail, the prospects for the development of the US navy and the possibilities of its rearmament are analyzed, the main competitor countries of the United States claiming control over the World Ocean and the Arctic are identified. Conclusion. The study makes it possible to adequately assess the scale of the current US administration's military plans related to future shipbuilding programs, taking into account Russia's military and strategic interests.

OIL PRICE OUTLOOK REMAINS UNCERTAIN IN THE FACE OF CONTINUING WORLD OVERSUPPLY

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
I. Story
Keyword(s):  
Oil Prices ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government ◽  
To Come

Australia's oil industry has just emerged from the most difficult period in its short history, following the unprecedented collapse in world oil prices during the first half of 1986, and the continuing weakness during the rest of the year. As a result, the oil industry has undergone painful cost-cutting measures to survive the new environment. Thousands of jobs have been lost for good, exploration activity has been dramatically cut back to the levels of the late 1970s, and the industry now faces the bleak prospect that oil prices may not return to previous high levels until sometime in the 1990s, ironically at a time when Australian oil production is expected to begin a major decline.The Australian federal government has also felt the pain, through significantly reduced revenues from oil production and exports, although this has been anaesthetised to a large degree by a hike in petrol pump excise rates.Oil and petroleum product exports, which rose during the second half of 1985 to become Australia's number two export earner (behind coal) with sales valued at over $150 million a month, came to a dramatic halt during the first half of 1986 before resuming again at considerably lower levels during the second half, only after the government had lowered the top Bass Strait excise rate from 87 per cent to 80 per cent.Government revenue from Bass Strait excises, which reached a record $4.2 billion in 1984-85, fell slightly to $4 billion in fiscal 1985-86 and is forecast to tumble to $1.7 billion during 1986-87.The industry was granted a slight relief from the pressures of low oil prices during the second half of 1986 by the temporary scrapping of onshore levies and a reduction in the top Bass Strait levies. It was unclear, however, at the time of going to press just how long the government was prepared to continue with the tax holiday.The short to medium term outlook is far from healthy. The continuing world over-supply of oil is expected to last until at least the end of the decade, and perhaps into the 1990s. The OPEC nations continue to struggle with meeting the level of production ceilings which will ensure long term oil price stability. While signs are hopeful that OPEC may succeed in holding production at around 16-17 million barrels a day (mmbpd), continuing high output from the non-OPEC countries ensures the prospects for prices firming much above the US$15-18/barrel range for any length of time are not bright. The market supply/demand equation will ensure world prices remain precariously balanced for some time to come.

scholarly journals Public Private Partnerships: Rome’s EPrix, auto industry mergers and repercussions, turnpikes and toll roads

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Gordon L. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Public Choice ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Emergence Success ◽  
Regulatory Mandates ◽  
The Government

This paper uses Public Choice analysis to examine the case for and experience with Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). A PPP is a contractual platform which connects a governmental body and a private entity. The goal is to provide a public sector program, service, or asset that would normally be provided exclusively by a public sector entity. This paper focuses on PPPs in developed countries, but it also draws on studies of PPPs in developing countries. The economics literature generally defines PPPs as long-term contractual arrangements between a public authority (local or central government) and a private supplier for the delivery of services. The private sector supplier takes responsibility for building infrastructure components, securing financing of the investment, and then managing and maintaining this facility.However, in addition to those formed through contracts, PPPs may take other forms such as those developed in response to tax subvention or coercion, as in the case of regulatory mandates. A key element of PPP is that the private partner takes on a significant portion of the risk through a schedule of specified remuneration, contingency payments, and provision for dispute resolution. PPPs typically are long-term arrangements and involve large corporations on the private side, but may also be limited to specific phases of a project.The types of PPPs discussed in this paper exclude arrangements which may result from government mandates such as the statutory emission mandates imposed on automobile manufacturers and industrial facilities (e.g., power plants). It also excludes PPP-like organizations resulting from US section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code, which provides tax subsidies for certain public charities, scientific research organizations, and organizations whose goals are to prevent cruelty to animals or erect public monuments at no expense to the government. This paper concludes that an array of Public Choice tools are applicable to understanding the emergence, success, or failure of PPPs. Several short case studies are provided to illustrate the practicalities of PPPs. 

Trump worries will weigh on Canada's economic agenda

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Presidential Election ◽  
The Government

Significance Trump’s victory in the US presidential election has created worries in Ottawa that a more protectionist line from Washington could further dampen weak Canadian business investment and export growth. The government of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has announced additional fiscal measures to stimulate economic growth, strengthen long-term economic competitiveness and provide more inclusive economic opportunities. Impacts Increased US oil and gas production could keep prices low, crimping the benefits of Canadian midstream investments. Backsliding on emissions reductions by Washington could sap political support for activist policies by Ottawa and other jurisdictions. US failure to ratify the Trans-Pacific Partnership would see Canada pursue bilateral arrangements with the Pacific Rim.

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