scholarly journals How does exercise support dietary approaches to weight loss and better health?

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-58
Author(s):  
Katarina Tomljenović Borer
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Weight Regain ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Exercise Energy Expenditure ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Carbohydrate Load

The rapid global rise of obesity incurs a heavy personal and healthcare burden due to obesity-associated morbidities and shortening of life. The purpose of this review is to provide evidence-based strategies for prevention, reversal, and mitigation of obesity and its sequelae. To that end, this review highlights the features of human physiology that favor fat accretion and interfere with fat loss. Strategies for prevention of obesity include understanding the basis for the strong motivating properties of palatable food, for human inability to consciously detect calories eaten or calories expended through exercise, for metabolic and hormonal adaptations to negative energy balance that drive weight regain, and for evolutionary natural selection which likely led to high human capacity for fat storage. Reversal of obesity is difficult primarily due to metabolic, hormonal, and behavioral reactions to body fat loss. Reduced resting metabolic rate presents a physiological challenge whether the weight loss is achieved through dietary restriction or energy expenditure of exercise. Increased insulin sensitivity after body fat loss drives resynthesis of storage substrates including triglycerides in the adipose tissue, muscle glycogen, and proteins, thus contributing to weight regain. Reduced basal plasma leptin concentration elicits a strong hunger drive. Mitigation of obesity-associated morbidities involves adding exercise energy expenditure to deliberate control of the quantity of food eaten, reducing postprandial hyperinsulinemia by lowering the carbohydrate load of the diet, and exercising after, rather than before, the meals to facilitate improved glucose tolerance.

scholarly journals Energy Status and Body Composition Across a Collegiate Women’s Lacrosse Season

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Zabriskie ◽  
Bradley Currier ◽  
Patrick Harty ◽  
Richard Stecker ◽  
Andrew Jagim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Total Daily Energy Expenditure

Little data is available regarding the energy and nutritional status of female collegiate team sport athletes. Twenty female NCAA Division II lacrosse athletes (mean ± SD: 20.4 ± 1.8 years; 68.8 ± 8.9 kg; 168.4 ± 6.6 cm; 27.9 ± 3% body fat) recorded dietary intake and wore a physical activity monitor over four consecutive days at five different time points (20 days total) during one academic year. Body composition, bone health, and resting metabolic rate were assessed in conjunction with wearing the monitor during off-season, pre-season, and season-play. Body fat percentage decreased slightly during the course of this study (p = 0.037). Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) (p < 0.001) and activity energy expenditure (AEE) (p = 0.001) energy were found to change significantly over the course of the year, with pre-season training resulting in the highest energy expenditures (TDEE: 2789 ± 391 kcal/day; AEE: 1001 ± 267 kcal/day). Caloric (2124 ± 448 kcal/day), carbohydrate (3.6 ± 1.1 g/kg), and protein (1.2 ± 0.3 g/kg) intake did not change over the course of the year (p > 0.05). Athletes self-reported a moderate negative energy balance (366–719 kcal/day) and low energy availability (22.9–30.4 kcal/kg FFM) at each measurement period throughout the study. Reported caloric and macronutrient intake was low given the recorded energy expenditure and macronutrient intake recommendations for athletes. Athletic support staff should provide athletes with appropriate fueling strategies, particularly during pre-season training, to adequately meet energy demands.

Energy expenditure and balance during spaceflight on the space shuttle

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (6) ◽  
pp. R1739-R1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Stein ◽  
M. J. Leskiw ◽  
M. D. Schluter ◽  
R. W. Hoyt ◽  
H. W. Lane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Flight Experiment

The objectives of this study were as follows: 1) to measure human energy expenditure (EE) during spaceflight on a shuttle mission by using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method; 2) to determine whether the astronauts were in negative energy balance during spaceflight; 3) to use the comparison of change in body fat as measured by the intake DLW EE,18O dilution, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to validate the DLW method for spaceflight; and 4) to compare EE during spaceflight against that found with bed rest. Two experiments were conducted: a flight experiment ( n = 4) on the 16-day 1996 life and microgravity sciences shuttle mission and a 6° head-down tilt bed rest study with controlled dietary intake ( n = 8). The bed rest study was designed to simulate the flight experiment and included exercise. Two EE determinations were done before flight (bed rest), during flight (bed rest), and after flight (recovery). Energy intake and N balance were monitored for the entire period. Results were that body weight, water, fat, and energy balance were unchanged with bed rest. For the flight experiment, decreases in weight (2.6 ± 0.4 kg, P < 0.05) and N retention (−2.37 ± 0.45 g N/day, P < 0.05) were found. Dietary intake for the four astronauts was reduced in flight (3,025 ± 180 vs. 1,943 ± 179 kcal/day, P < 0.05). EE in flight was 3,320 ± 155 kcal/day, resulting in a negative energy balance of 1,355 ± 80 kcal/day (−15.7 ± 1.0 kcal ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1, P < 0.05). This corresponded to a loss of 2.1 ± 0.4 kg body fat, which was within experimental error of the fat loss determined by18O dilution (−1.4 ± 0.5 kg) and DEXA (−2.4 ± 0.4 kg). All three methods showed no change in body fat with bed rest. In conclusion, 1) the DLW method for measuring EE during spaceflight is valid, 2) the astronauts were in severe negative energy balance and oxidized body fat, and 3) in-flight energy (E) requirements can be predicted from the equation: E = 1.40 × resting metabolic rate + exercise.

scholarly journals Metabolic Adaptations to Weight Loss: Relative Changes in Resting Metabolic Rate and Energy Expenditure for Physical Activity and Association With Weight Loss Maintenance

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 526-526
Author(s):  
Rachel Silver ◽  
Sai Das ◽  
Michael Lowe ◽  
Susan Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Weight Regain ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Objectives There is persistent controversy over the extent to which different components of energy expenditure disproportionately decrease after weight loss and contribute to weight regain through decreased energy requirements. We conducted a secondary analysis of the CALERIE I study to test the hypothesis that decreased resting metabolic rate (RMR) and energy expenditure for physical activity (EEPA) after a 6-month calorie restriction intervention would predict weight regain at 12 months, with a greater decrease in RMR than EEPA. Methods Participants (n = 46) received all food and energy-containing beverages for 6 months. Outcome measures included total energy expenditure by doubly labeled water, RMR by indirect calorimetry, and body composition by BOD POD. Predictions for RMR and EEPA were derived from baseline linear regression models including age, sex, fat mass, and fat free mass. Baseline regression coefficients were used to calculate the predicted RMR and EEPA at 6 months. Residuals were calculated as the difference between measured and predicted values and were adjusted for body weight. The presence of metabolic adaptation was evaluated by a paired t-test comparing measured and predicted RMR at 6 months. Differences between 6-month RMR and EEPA residuals were evaluated by the same method. Linear regression was used to assess the association between 6-month residuals and weight loss maintenance (% weight change, 6 to 12 months). Results Mean weight loss was 6.9% at 6 months with 2.1% regain from 6 to 12 months. No adaptation in RMR was observed at 6 months (mean residual: 19 kcal; 95% confidence interval: −9, 48; P = 0.18). However, significant adaptation was observed in EEPA (mean residual: −199 kcal; −126, −272; P &lt; 0.0001). In addition, the mean 6-month RMR residual was significantly greater than the mean 6-month EEPA residual (218 kcal; 133, 304; P &lt; 0.0001). There was no significant association between 6-month RMR or EEPA residuals and weight regain at 12 months (P = 0.56, 0.34). Conclusions There was no measurable decrease in RMR with weight loss after adjusting for changes in fat free mass and fat mass, but there was a decrease in EEPA. Changes in RMR and EEPA with weight loss over 6 months did not predict weight regain at 12 months. Funding Sources Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Doctoral Scholarship; USDA agreement #8050–51000-105–01S

scholarly journals Metabolic adaptation is an illusion, only present when participants are in negative energy balance

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 1212-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catia Martins ◽  
Jessica Roekenes ◽  
Saideh Salamati ◽  
Barbara A Gower ◽  
Gary R Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Weight Regain ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Initial Weight Loss ◽  
Maintenance Program

ABSTRACT Background The existence of metabolic adaptation, following weight loss, remains a controversial issue. To our knowledge, no study has evaluated the role of energy balance (EB) in modulating metabolic adaptation. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine if metabolic adaptation, at the level of resting metabolic rate (RMR), is modulated by participants’ EB status. A secondary aim was to investigate if metabolic adaptation was associated with weight regain. Methods Seventy-one individuals with obesity (BMI: 34.6 ± 3.4 kg/m2; age: 45.4 ± 8.2 y; 33 men) enrolled in a 1000-kcal/d diet for 8 wk, followed by 4 wk of weight stabilization and a 9-mo weight loss maintenance program. Body weight/composition and RMR were measured at baseline, week 9 (W9), week 13 (W13), and 1 y (1Y). Metabolic adaptation was defined as a significantly different (lower or higher) measured compared with predicted RMR. Results Participants lost on average 14 kg by W9, followed by weight stabilization at W13, and regained 29% of their initial weight loss at 1Y. Metabolic adaptation was found at W9 (−92 ± 110 kcal/d, P &lt; 0.001) and W13 (−38 ± 124 kcal/d, P = 0.011) but was not correlated with weight regain. A significant reduction in metabolic adaptation was seen between W9 and W13 (−53 ± 101 kcal/d, P &lt; 0.001). In a subset of participants who gained weight between W9 and W13 (n = 33), no metabolic adaptation was seen at W13 (−26.8 ± 121.5 kcal/d, P = 0.214). In a subset of participants with data at all time points (n = 45), metabolic adaptation was present at W9 and W13 (−107 ± 102 kcal/d, P &lt; 0.001 and −49 ± 128 kcal/d, P = 0.013) but not at 1Y (−7 ± 129, P = 0.701). Conclusion After weight loss, metabolic adaptation at the level of RMR is dependent on the EB status of the participants, being reduced to half after a period of weight stabilization. Moreover, metabolic adaptation does not predict weight regain at 1Y follow-up. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02944253 and NCT03287726.

scholarly journals 2536

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 11-11
Author(s):  
David M. Presby ◽  
Rebecca M. Foright ◽  
Julie A. Houck ◽  
Ginger C. Johnson ◽  
L. Allyson Checkley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Weight Regain ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Weight Loss Maintenance ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Obesity is a rapidly growing epidemic and long-term interventions aimed to reduce body weight are largely unsuccessful due to an increased drive to eat and a reduced metabolic rate established during weight loss. Previously, our lab demonstrated that exercise has beneficial effects on weight loss maintenance by increasing total energy expenditure above and beyond the cost of an exercise bout and reducing the drive to eat when allowed to eat ad libitum (relapse). We hypothesized that exercise’s ability to counter these obesogenic-impetuses are mediated via improvements in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, and tested this using a mouse model with augmented oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We recapitulated the exercise-induced improvements in oxidative capacity using FVB mice that overexpress lipoprotein lipase in skeletal muscle (mLPL). mLPL and wild type (WT) mice were put through a weight-loss-weight-regain paradigm consisting of a high fat diet challenge for 13 weeks, with a subsequent 1-week calorie-restricted medium fat diet to induce a ~15% weight loss. This newly established weight was maintained for 2 weeks and followed with a 24-hour relapse. Metabolic phenotype was characterized by indirect calorimetry during each phase. At the conclusion of the relapse day, mice were sacrificed and tissues were harvested for molecular analysis. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: During weight loss maintenance, mLPL mice had a higher metabolic rate (p=0.0256) that was predominantly evident in the dark cycle (p=0.0015). Furthermore, this increased metabolic rate was not due to differences in activity (p=0.2877) or resting metabolic rate (p=0.4881). During relapse, mLPL mice ingested less calories and were protected from rapid weight regain (p=0.0235), despite WT mice exhibiting higher metabolic rates during the light cycle (p=0.0421). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These results highlight the importance of muscular oxidative capacity in preventing a depression in total energy expenditure during weight loss maintenance, and in curbing overfeeding and weight regain during a relapse. Moreover, our data suggest that the thermic effect of food is responsible for the differences in metabolic rate, because no differences were found in activity or resting metabolic rate. Additional studies are warranted to determine the molecular mechanisms driving the ability of oxidative capacity to assist with weight loss maintenance.

scholarly journals Lipoprotein Lipase Overexpression in Skeletal Muscle Attenuates Weight Regain by Potentiating Energy Expenditure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
David M Presby ◽  
Michael C Rudolph ◽  
Vanessa D Sherk ◽  
Matthew R Jackman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
Weight Regain ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Expression Of Genes

Moderate weight loss improves numerous risk factors for cardiometabolic disease; however, long-term weight loss maintenance (WLM) is often thwarted by metabolic adaptations that suppress energy expenditure and facilitate weight regain. Skeletal muscle has a prominent role in energy homeostasis; therefore, we investigated the effect of WLM and weight regain on skeletal muscle in rodents. In skeletal muscle of obesity-prone rats, WLM reduced fat oxidative capacity and downregulated genes involved in fat metabolism. Interestingly, even after weight was regained, genes involved in fat metabolism genes were also reduced. We then subjected mice with skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase overexpression (mCK-hLPL), which augments fat metabolism, to WLM and weight regain and found that mCK-hLPL attenuates weight regain by potentiating energy expenditure. Irrespective of genotype, weight regain suppressed dietary fat oxidation and downregulated genes involved in fat metabolism in skeletal muscle. However, mCK-hLPL mice oxidized more fat throughout weight regain and had greater expression of genes involved in fat metabolism and lower expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism during WLM and regain. In summary, these results suggest that skeletal muscle fat oxidation is reduced during WLM and regain, and therapies that improve skeletal muscle fat metabolism may attenuate rapid weight regain.

scholarly journals Effects of Ad Libitum Low Carbohydrate Versus Low Fat Diets on Body Weight and Fat Mass

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 658-658
Author(s):  
Alex Schick ◽  
James Boring ◽  
Amber Courville ◽  
Isabelle Gallagher ◽  
Juen Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Objectives To describe the effects of ad libitum low-fat (LF) and low-carbohydrate (LC) diets on body weight and fat mass. Methods Sixteen adults without diabetes spent 29 continuous days residing at the Metabolic Clinical Research Unit of the NIH Clinical Center where they were fed ad libitum either an animal-based, LC diet (75% fat, 10% carbohydrates, 15% protein) or a plant-based, LF diet (75% carbohydrates, 10% fat, 15% protein). Participants were randomly assigned to one diet for the first phase of the study (14 days), after which they were switched to the other diet for the remainder of the study. Participants were given three meals daily and were provided with additional snacks amounting to 200% of their daily energy requirements as determined by their resting energy expenditure multiplied by 1.6. Subjects were told that this was not a weight loss study and were not informed about the primary study aim. They were instructed to eat as much or as little as they desired. Total body weight and fat mass were measured using a calibrated scale and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. Subjects were blinded to their data and wore loose-fitting scrubs to avoid any feedback regarding changes in the fit of their clothing. Results Subjects included 7 women and 9 men, with an age of (mean ± SE) 29 ± 1.7 years and BMI of 27.5 ± 1.5 at baseline. Participants lost weight on both diets, with the LC diet resulting in 1.34 ± 0.31 kg of weight loss (P = 0.0006) and the LF diet resulting in 1.09 ± 0.31 kg of weight loss (P = 0.003) which was not significantly different from the LC diet (P = 0.58). However, participants lost 0.6 ± 0.17 kg of body fat on the LF diet (P = 0.002) but the LC diet did not result in significant body fat loss (0.04 ± 0.17 kg; P = 0.8) and the difference in body fat loss between the diets was statistically significant (P = 0.03). Conclusions While participants lost similar amounts of weight on both diets, only the LF diet led to significant body fat loss. Early weight loss with a LC diet does not necessarily reflect a similar state of negative energy balance as compared with a LF diet. Funding Sources Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

scholarly journals Effects of diet cycling on weight loss, fat loss and resting energy expenditure in women

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Y Kresta ◽  
Mike Byrd ◽  
Jonathan M Oliver ◽  
Claire Canon ◽  
Michelle Mardock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Resting Energy

Visceral fat accumulation in obese subjects: relation to energy expenditure and response to weight loss

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (5) ◽  
pp. E913-E919 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Leenen ◽  
K. van der Kooy ◽  
P. Deurenberg ◽  
J. C. Seidell ◽  
J. A. Weststrate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Visceral Fat Accumulation ◽  
Obese Subjects

Seventy-eight healthy obese subjects, 40 premenopausal women and 38 men aged 27-51 yr received a 4.2 MJ/day energy-deficit diet for 13 wk. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) were measured by indirect calorimetry. Abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat areas were calculated from magnetic resonance imaging scans before and after weight loss. Before weight loss, visceral fat accumulation was positively correlated with higher levels of RMR (P < 0.05) and DIT (P < 0.01) in women but not in men. The mean weight reduction was 12.2 +/- 3.5 (SD) kg. In men but not in women, an initially large visceral fat depot was associated with a reduced loss of weight and total fat mass (P < 0.05). Within each sex, an initial abundance of visceral fat was significantly related to a larger loss of visceral fat (P < 0.001) and in men to a smaller loss of subcutaneous fat (P < 0.05). These results suggest that there may be gender differences in the associations between visceral fat accumulation and components of energy expenditure (RMR and DIT) in obese subjects. Obese subjects with an initial abundance of visceral fat do not lose more body weight but more visceral fat than subjects with less visceral fat.

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