scholarly journals Exploring trends in the relationship between child labour, gender and educational achievement in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-108
Author(s):  
Abigail Middel ◽  
Kalyan Kumar Kameshwara ◽  
Andrés Sandoval-Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Education Outcomes ◽  
Inequality In Education ◽  
Household Labour ◽  
The Relationship

Participation in child labour, in both household and non-household activities, gender effects and low educational attainment remain challenges for countries in Latin America. Through hierarchical linear modelling of data from the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), this study seeks to explore the current cross-country trends in the relationship between educational attainment, child labour and gender. While non-household labour is found to have an effect, as per statistical significance and the magnitude, on educational achievement across all Latin American countries; participation in household labour is significant in only two countries (Peru and Uruguay). Girls are found to underperform compared to boys by a significant margin across Latin America. The later part of the study seeks to examine the interaction effects of gender and participation in labour activities. Results show that gender has no moderating effect, suggesting that participation in work itself or workspace (household or non-household) does not influence or contribute to gender inequality in education outcomes. The explanatory factors for gender inequality in education outcomes are potentially rooted in a different sphere of influence which needs to be deciphered through deeper empirical investigation.

scholarly journals Family Matters: High School Graduation and Sibling Influence

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Wall-Wieler ◽  
Leslie Leon Roos
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Large Families ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Older Siblings ◽  
Older Sibling

IntroductionEducational attainment is known to be related to family size, birth order, and the educational achievement of an older sibling. ObjectiveThis study examines younger siblings in large families, exploring the extent to which each older sibling’s educational attainment is associated with attainment of the younger sibling. MethodsLinkable administrative data were used to create a population-based cohort of third children in three child families born in Manitoba, Canada between April 1, 1984 and March 31, 1994, who stayed in the province until at least age 20 (n = 5,771). Logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between the youngest siblings’ educational achievement and that of their older two siblings, adjusting for a series of confounders. ResultsYoungest siblings have the greatest odds of graduating from high school if both older siblings graduated. Females also had greater odds of graduating if only one of those older siblings had graduated; this did not increase the odds for males. Associations in educational attainment were stronger when siblings were born close together. For siblings born further apart, these associations were stronger if those siblings were of the same sex as the youngest sibling. ConclusionsIn large families, the educational attainment of each older sibling is associated with the educational attainment of the younger sibling; associations differ depending on the birth order and sex of the older siblings. Families in which older siblings do not graduate from high school may be experiencing numerous challenges. Children with older siblings who fail to graduate may benefit from additional supports to increase their likelihood of graduation.

scholarly journals Exploring Women’s Differentiated Access to Climate-Smart Agricultural Interventions in Selected Climate-Smart Villages of Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10951
Author(s):  
Mariola Acosta ◽  
Simon Riley ◽  
Osana Bonilla-Findji ◽  
Deissy Martínez-Barón ◽  
Fanny Howland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Female Farmers ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment ◽  
The Relationship

Much of the literature examining the role of gender in processes of climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector has focused primarily on differences between male and female farmers, implicitly treating men and women as homogenous groups. Where heterogeneity exists within these groups which impacts climate change adaptation efforts and outcomes, an understanding of such intersectionalities is vital to the design of effective and equitable policy. The objective of this study is to investigate whether interaction effects among socio-economic factors are meaningful drivers of observed differences among female farmers in their adoption of climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices, as well as their use of climate information and financial services. This study employs data from farmer surveys in three Climate-Smart Villages in Latin America, analyzed using ordinal logistic regression and canonical correspondence analysis. The results indicate that important interaction effects are present: the relationship between higher educational attainment and increased adoption of CSA practices, for example, is conditional on the degree of livelihood diversification. The relationship between greater educational attainment and increased use of climate forecasts is likewise conditional on age. These results suggest the need for researchers and policymakers to anticipate potential intersectionalities when designing research efforts and development interventions.

An Introduction to Gender and Representation in Latin America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Latin American Politics ◽  
Gender And Politics ◽  
Women's Representation ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Women’S Representation ◽  
And Gender

In this introductory chapter of Gender and Representation in Latin America, Leslie A. Schwindt-Bayer argues that gender inequality in political representation in Latin America is rooted in institutions and the democratic challenges and political crises facing Latin American countries. She situates the book in two important literatures—one on Latin American politics and democratic institutions, the other on gender and politics—and then explains how the book will explore the ways that institutions and democratic challenges and political crises moderate women’s representation and gender inequality. She introduces the book’s framework of analyzing the causes and consequences of women’s representation, overviews the organization of the volume, and summarizes the main arguments of the chapters.

Capitalism and the State in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Torres ◽  
Carina Borrastero
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The State ◽  
American Sociology ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Relationship

This article analyzes how the research on the relation between capitalism and the state in Latin America has developed from the 1950s up to the present. It starts from the premise that knowledge of this relation in sociology and other social sciences in Latin America has been taking shape through the disputes that have opposed three intellectual standpoints: autonomist, denialist, and North-centric. It analyzes how these standpoints envision the relationship between economy and politics and how they conceptualize three regionally and globally growing trends: the concentration of power, social inequality, and environmental depletion. It concludes with a series of challenges aimed at restoring the theoretical and political potency of the autonomist program in Latin American sociology.

scholarly journals The effect of language on performance: do gendered languages fail women in maths?

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Kricheli-Katz ◽  
Tali Regev
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Hebrew Language ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Large Representative ◽  
And Task

AbstractResearch suggests that gendered languages are associated with gender inequality. However, as languages are embedded in cultures, evidence for causal effects are harder to provide. We contribute to this ongoing debate by exploring the relationship between gendered languages and the gender gap in mathematics achievements. We provide evidence for causality by exploiting the prominent (but not exclusive) practice in gendered languages of using masculine generics to address women. In an experiment on a large representative sample of the Hebrew-speaking adult population in Israel, we show that addressing women in the feminine, compared to addressing them in the masculine, reduces the gender gap in mathematics achievements by a third. These effects are stronger among participants who acquired the Hebrew language early in childhood rather than later in life, suggesting that it is the extent of language proficiency that generates one’s sensitivity to being addressed in the masculine or in the feminine. Moreover, when women are addressed in the masculine, their efforts (in terms of time spent on the maths test) decrease and they report feeling that “science is for men” more than when addressed in the feminine. We supplement the analysis with two experiments that explore the roles of general and task-specific stereotypes in generating these effects.

Educational Attainment Has a Causal Effect on Economic, But Not Social Ideology: Evidence from Discordant Twins

2021 ◽  
pp. 003232172110087
Author(s):  
Stig Hebbelstrup Rye Rasmussen ◽  
Aaron Weinschenk ◽  
Asbjørn Sonne Nørgaard ◽  
Jacob von Bornemann Hjelmborg ◽  
Robert Klemmensen
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Parental Socialization ◽  
Twin Design ◽  
Social Ideology ◽  
Economic Ideology ◽  
Discordant Twins ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Political Variables

In this article, we examine the nature of the relationship between educational attainment and ideology. Some scholars have argued that the effect of education on political variables like ideology is inflated due to unaccounted-for family factors, such as genetic predispositions and parental socialization. Using the discordant twin design and data from a large sample of Danish twins, we find that after accounting for confounders rooted in the family, education has a (quasi)-causal effect on economic ideology, but not social ideology. We also examine whether the relationship between education and economic ideology is moderated by levels of economic hardship in the local context where individuals reside. We find that the (quasi)-causal effect of education on economic ideology increases in economically challenged areas.

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