scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 S1, S2, M & N antigens expressed in Pichia pastoris: Affordable, safe & effective vaccine for developing countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesh Kumraj ◽  
Jainendra Jain ◽  
Syed Ahmed ◽  
Davendar Bhati ◽  
Sanket Shah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pichia Pastoris ◽  
Effective Vaccine

scholarly journals Kemanusiaan Vs Kapitalisme di Era Pandemi Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID19): Ekslusifitas Paten Vs Lisensi Wajib

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheylla Fatizah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
World Community ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Biopharmaceutical Company ◽  
The World ◽  
Beijing China

Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) began to spread to various parts of the world since December 2019, which was first discovered in Wuhan, China. Of course this has brought great disaster to 216 countries in the world, because no country is immune to this virus and the epidemic has spread to various continents and attacked many aspects of the world community. Distressing conditions like this require the state to play a stronger role by providing better service protection. In addition, conditions like this raise big questions about how countries in the world deal with this. In the midst of the COcVID-19 pandemic, many scientists are racing to quickly find an effective vaccine to fight this virus. An example of one that succeeded is the discovery of Sinovac or called CoronaVac, where this vaccine is the result of research from Sinovac Biotech Co. which is a biopharmaceutical company focused on research, development, manufacture and commercialization of vaccines, and the company is based in Beijing, China. Seeing the COVID-19 pandemic that is increasingly paying attention, especially in developing countries, many countries are pressing for the temporary waiver of COVID-19 vaccine patents during this crisis. The reason is none other than so that production can be accelerated so that it is expected to be able to handle the COVID-19 pandemic. Of course this raises a polemic between developed countries and developing countries where there are two different interests, one country protects its investors and the other one protects its people. From this we can see that COVID-19 leaves a lot of room for its own problems.

scholarly journals HAS COUNTRYWIDE LOCKDOWN WORKED AS A FEASIBLE MEASURE IN BENDING THE COVID-19 CURVE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khondoker Nazmoon Nabi ◽  
Md. Robiul Islam
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Epidemic Threshold ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Epidemiological Parameters

AbstractIn the absence of any effective vaccine and clinically proven treatment, experts thought that strict lockdown measures could be an effective way to slow down the spread of novel coronavirus. Despite the strict lockdown measures in several developing countries, the number of newly infected cases is getting unbridled as time progresses. This anomaly ignites questions about the effectiveness of the prolonged strict confinement measures. In light of the above view, with an aim to find the answer to this question, trends of four epidemiological parameters: growth factor of daily reported COVID-19 cases, daily incidence proportion, daily cumulative index and effective reproduction number in five developing countries named Bangladesh, Brazil, Chile, Pakistan and South Africa have been analysed meticulously considering the different phases of their national lockdowns. Any compelling evidence has not been found in favor of countrywide lockdown effectiveness in the above-mentioned countries. Numerical results illustrate that stringent nationwide lockdown measures have failed bringing the epidemic threshold (Re) of COVID-19 under unity. In addition, citizens of the aforementioned countries have been struggling with catastrophic socio-economic consequences due to prolonged confinement measures. Our study suggests that a new policy should be proposed for developing countries to battle against future disease outbreaks ensuring a perfect balance between saving lives and confirming livelihoods.

scholarly journals In Silico screening of T-cell and B-cell Epitopes of Rotavirus VP7 and VP4 proteins for Effective Vaccine Design

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Md Sadikur Rahman Shuvo ◽  
Sanjoy Kumar Mukharjee ◽  
Firoz Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Child Death ◽  
Vaccine Design ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
World Population ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
B Cell Epitopes

Rotavirus is one of the deadliest causative agents of childhood diarrhea which causes half a million child death across the globe, mostly in developing countries. However, effective vaccine strategies against rotavirus are yet to be established to prevent these unwanted premature deaths. In this regard, in silico vaccine design for rotavirus could be a promising alternative for developing countries due to its efficiency in shortening valuable time and cost. The present study described an epitope-based peptide vaccine design against rotavirus, using a combination of T-cell and B-cell epitope predictions and molecular docking approach. To perform this, sequences of rotavirus VP7 and VP4 proteins were retrieved from the NCBI database and subjected to different bioinformatics tools to predict most immunogenic T-cell and B-cell epitopes. From the identified epitopes, the sequence VMSKRSRSL of VP7 and TQFTDFVSL of VP4 was identified as the most potential epitopes based on their antigenicity, conservancy and interaction with major histocompatability complex I (MHC-I) alleles. Moreover, the peptide VMSKRSRSL interacted with human leukocyte antigen, HLA-B*08:01 and TQFTDFVSL interacted with HLA-A*02:06 with considerable binding energy and affinity score. Combined population coverage for our identified epitopes was found 70.53% and 45.64% for world population and South Asian population respectively. All these results suggest that, the epitopes identified in this study could be a very good vaccine candidate for the strains of rotavirus circulating in Bangladesh. However, as this study is completely dependent on computational prediction algorithms, further in vivo screening is required to come up in a precise conclusion about these epitopes for effective rotavirus vaccination. Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 35 Number 1 June 2018, pp 45-55

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccination Challenges in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wajahat Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health System ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Financial Issues

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is challenge of the century for humanity. Pre-pandemic normalcy is assumed to never return until a safe and effective vaccine becomes available and a global vaccination campaign is successfully introduced. To tackle the pandemic of Covid-19 safe and effective vaccines has been developed and pharmaceutical companies Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna and AstraZeneca started to manufacture the vaccine and make it available in the market. Globally all the countries are in race to secure vaccine access for their populations but it is challenge for developing countries to make vaccine available for the population especially the poor and vulnerable groups. Pakistan is developing country which is facing the double burden of the communicable diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and non-communicable diseases along with financial issues faced by the health system.

Outer membrane vesicles derived from Salmonella Typhimurium can deliver Shigella flexneri 2a O-polysaccharide antigen to prevent Shigella flexneri 2a infection in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huizhen Tian ◽  
Biaoxian Li ◽  
Tian Xu ◽  
Haolin Yu ◽  
Jingxuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Outer Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
Polysaccharide Antigen ◽  
O Antigen ◽  
Shigella Flexneri 2A

Abstract: Shigellosis has become a serious threat to health in many developing countries due to the severe diarrhea it causes. Shigella flexneri 2a ( S. flexneri 2a) is the principal species responsible for this endemic disease. Despite multiple attempts to design a vaccine against shigellosis, no effective vaccine has not yet been developed. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is both an essential virulence factor and an antigen protective against Shigella , due to its outer domain, termed O-polysaccharide antigen. In the present study, S. flexneri 2a O-polysaccharide antigen was innovatively bio-synthesized in Salmonella and attached to core-lipid A via the ligase WaaL, with purified outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) utilized as vaccine vectors. Here, we identified the expression of the heterologous O-antigen and have described the isolation, characterization, and immune protection efficiency of the OMV vaccine. Furthermore, the results of animal experiments indicated that immunization of mice with the OMV vaccine both intranasally and intraperitoneally induced significant specific anti-Shigella LPS antibodies in the serum, with a similar trend IgA levels from vaginal secretions and fluid from bronchopulmonary lavage. The OMV vaccine derived from both routes of administration provided significant protection against virulent S. flexneri 2a infection, as judged by a serum bactericidal assay (SBA), opsonization assay, and challenge test. This vaccination strategy represents a novel and improved approach to control shigellosis by the combination of Salmonella glycosyl carrier lipid bioconjugation with OMVs. Importance: Shigella , the cause of shigellosis or bacillary dysentery, is a major public health concern, especially for children in developing countries. An effective vaccine would control the spread of the disease to some extent. However, no licensed vaccine against Shigella infection in humans has so far been developed. The Shigella O-antigen polysaccharide is effective in stimulating the production of protective antibodies and so could represent a vaccine antigen candidate. Additionally, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have been used as antigen delivery platforms due to their nanoscale properties and ease of antigen delivery to trigger an immune response. Therefore, the present study provides a new strategy for vaccine design, combining a glycoconjugated vaccine with OMVs. The design concept of this strategy is the expression of Shigella O-antigen via the LPS synthesis pathway in recombinant Salmonella , from which the OMV vaccine is then isolated. Based on these findings, we believe that the novel vaccine design strategy in which polysaccharide antigens are delivered via bacterial OMVs will be effective for the development and clinical application of an effective Shigella vaccine.

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