scholarly journals THE IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC DEBT IN THE ECONOMY- THE CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Hasan Ademi
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
The State ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Private Debt ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Domestic Debt ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Many

The issue of public finance stability is one of the many issues for which many analyzes are made whether high budget deficits are causing them or not. Also, the sustainability of the state debt is presented as a global political and economic challenge. In the long run, public debt impacts on economic growth, lowering the tax rate, promoting macroeconomic income savings, and facilitating equality between layers in society. Public debt is different from private debt, which makes it even more important to analyze its effects. Public debt in general is a disturbing term. Public debt represents the accumulated loan value that the state has taken to finance past deficits. Huge part of the public debt is in short-term securities such as government bonds that carry interest. Public debt poses a burden on the economy because it must also return, reducing national incomes. It may be external and internal debt. Domestic debt represents the share of public debt that the state owes to its businesses and citizens. Domestic debt arises from the state's need for money, for boosting economic or social infrastructure.

scholarly journals Monitoring of the tourism industry as a means of improving the efficiency of state economy regulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
Tetiana AVERIKHINA ◽  
Alina VLAIEVA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Effect ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Tourism Management ◽  
State Economy ◽  
Independent Functions ◽  
The Republic

Introduction. The development of the tourism industry significantly affects the development of the country's economy as a whole. Its role is determined not only in the financial contribution, but also in stimulating other related industries that perform both ancillary and independent functions. The modern Ukrainian tourist market is undergoing many changes, so one of the current problems today is the use of effective tools for finding and systematizing the necessary information to forecast the development of the tourism industry. The purpose of the paper is to define the concept of monitoring the tourism industry as a means of improving the efficiency of state regulation of the economy, proving the importance of monitoring research, identifying problems of monitoring and ways to solve them. Results. The main purpose of tourism monitoring is to assess and forecast the state of tourism. Tourist services are localized and specialize in meeting the socio-economic needs of the population directly at the municipal level and are one of the main sources of funds coming to the state budget and ensure the reproduction of social infrastructure. In order to analyze trends in tourism and tourism in Ukraine, as well as assess the socio-economic effect of the implementation of measures of state support for domestic and inbound tourism, the central executive bodies of state regions of Ukraine, carrying out executive and administrative activities in tourism, the state of the tourism industry is being monitored. Given the large recreational and tourist potential in Ukraine, there is no full-fledged system of monitoring the market of tourist services by the state. This is due to the lack of an independent executive body in the field of tourism, endowed with certain powers, and a single system of statistical indicators of the market of tourist services. Modern statistics, both at the state and regional levels, do not give a complete picture of the state of tourism. Monitoring of tourist resources, objects of the tourist industry should give a clear picture of interaction of various branches of economy of the republic for the purposes of a complex estimation of directions of improvement and efficiency of functioning of the connected branches, exclusion of interbranch disproportions which negatively affect general development. Conclusion. To increase the growth rate of the tourism industry, the formation of a positive tourist image of the region, increase its visibility requires constant monitoring of the state and development of the tourism market. Monitoring will allow tracking the trends of the tourism market in the dynamics and promptly make changes to the developed programs and plans for the development of the tourism industry, develop recommendations for their adjustment, increase the effectiveness of tourism management.

STUDY OF THE DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURE OF THE STATE DEBT OF UKRAINE, METHODS OF ITS OPTIMIZATION

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stepan Paranchuk ◽  
◽  
Roksolana Skip ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
The State ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Government Bonds ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Domestic Debt ◽  
The Government ◽  
External Borrowing

One of the leading problems of Ukraine's economy at the present stage of its development is the issue of public debt, the constant increase in its size, irrational structure, which creates the preconditions for the dollarization of the national economy. Public debt is an important element of a market economy. As of today, there is no state that would not use borrowed funds. Borrowing by the state is due to the lack of own financial resources needed to finance the state budget and state functions. If used effectively, borrowed funds can be a positive factor in economic growth, but otherwise the increase in debt leads to economic dependence, deteriorating financial stability, as well as the financial crisis. The article reveals the issue of public debt of Ukraine, analyzes the dynamics of its value from 2009 to 2021 and identifies the reasons for the growth and / or reduction of this indicator. A study of the structure of debt obligations on the basis of the creditor, analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of internal and external borrowing. The article also provides a detailed description of the structure of internal and external creditors, the main tools used by the Government of Ukraine to attract domestic loans. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of domestic debt in terms of the structure of domestic government bonds. The ratio of public debt to gross domestic product and its comparison with the marginal and safe level are considered. A forecast was made for the amount of public debt for the future.

Revenue

2020 ◽  
pp. 225-260
Author(s):  
Richard B. Collins ◽  
Dale A. Oesterle ◽  
Lawrence Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
The State ◽  
Property Taxes ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
State Income Tax ◽  
State Income ◽  
Public Revenue ◽  
The Many

This chapter highlights Article X of the Colorado Constitution, dealing with revenue. It is one of the constitution’s most distinctive sections Detailed provisions lay out the state’s tax structure. Sections 3, 3.5, and 15 are extensive rules for property taxes and their equalization across the state. Sections 4 and 5 exempt public, religious, and charitable property. Sections 17 and 19 authorize and define the state income tax. Section 20, the Taxpayers Bill of Rights or TABOR requires prior voter consent to new or increased taxes and public debt and for public revenue above specified formulas. It also forbids specified taxes. The chapter explains in detail the many legal disputes about interpretation of this section.

scholarly journals State debt management in the context of Ukraine's economic development

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Artem HUSIEV
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Debt Management ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Main Task ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Debt Policy

The paper explores the theoretical and methodological basis of the concept of public debt management. The relationship between the problem of public debt and economic development of the country has been revealed. The dynamics of Ukraine's public debt for the period 2010-2019 have been analyzed. The default as a means of state debt policy has been investigated and its main economic consequences are presented. The international experience of managing public debt on the example of Argentina has been analyzed. The economic essence of technical default has been defined and the concept of technical default as a priority direction of Ukraine's state debt policy in the current conditions has been proposed. Public debt is a set of State commitments to internal and external creditors. State debt Management provides for state creation of the concept of debt policy. In economic terms, the main task of debt management is to maintain the level of public debt on a moderate level. In Ukraine, the problem of state indebtedness is particularly relevant after 2014. However, the most acute this problem was at the beginning of 2020 with the beginning of the recession economy and raising the deficit of the State budget. There are three main strategies to address public debt: investing in the country's economic development and timely repayment of liabilities, default and technical default. The strategy of investing in the country's economic development envisages emission of money or additional involvement in order to stimulate economic development, as well as timely payment of debts and interests. This strategy is appropriate in terms of relatively small amounts of public debt. Defaulted involves declaring the state insolvency payment obligations to creditors. Defaulted in the short run means a rapid deterioration in the economic situation in the country, but under certain conditions, there may be positive consequences in the long run. The technical default means the state's inability to pay debts on a certain date if there is a possibility of their payment in the future. In Ukraine today, the optimal decision of the state debt policy is the proclamation of technical default to restructure debts and prevent aggravation of socio-economic crisis in the country.

scholarly journals DEBT OBLIGATIONS OF THE STATE: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulyana Vatamanyuk-Zelinska ◽  
◽  
Ivanna Pedchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
National Income ◽  
The State ◽  
Debt Management ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Internal Capital Market ◽  
Debt Burden ◽  
Domestic Debt ◽  
Effective Use

The article analyzes the meaning of the concept of "public debt" according to the views of domestic and foreign scholars. The essence of this term according to norms of the Budget code of Ukraine is investigated. The activity of public authorities in the management of debt obligations of our state is considered. The state and dynamics of public debt of Ukraine for the period 2015-2019 are studied. The structure of public debt of Ukraine according to its division into external and internal is analyzed, and the shares of external and domestic debt in the total amount of public and state-guaranteed debt are determined. The dynamics of public debt obligations in terms of the amount of public and state-guaranteed debt is shown. The structure of external and internal debts of the state budget of Ukraine to the main creditors and the dynamics of payments for its repayment are described. The dynamics of the ratio of public debt to GDP of Ukraine is calculated and analyzed. The activity of a new state structure – the Debt Agency of Ukraine – in the field of debt management of our state has been studied. It is determined that a significant problem of the state is to ensure the debt burden. Ways to solve the problem of debt burden are proposed, among which an important measure is proposed – to strengthen control over the effective use of borrowed projects. It is determined that the best step in improving the system of management of debt obligations of the state can be stimulated the development of the internal capital market with the involvement of private reorientation from external to internal prevention. In modern conditions, both market economies and developing countries have inherent needs for additional funds to cover the budget deficit. This situation necessitates the constant search for additional sources of financing government liabilities, in particular, such as loans. Thus, the additional funds raised make it possible to increase total expenditures under conditions of lower national income only through a balanced and effective government policy in the field of borrowing. However, the downside of debt obligations is that sooner or later they must be repaid and interest paid for the use of these borrowed funds. The purpose of the study is to determine the structure and dynamics of public debt of Ukraine, as well as the features of its repayment.

scholarly journals THE DEADLY EMBRACE BETWEEN THE BANKS AND THE STATE IN SPAIN, 1850-2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Comín ◽  
Joaquim Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Debt Management ◽  
Stock Exchanges ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Financial Repression

AbstractThis paper focusses on the financial relations between the banking sector and the Treasury in Modern Spain. Tax systems have been insufficient, generating a chronic budget deficit. This drove to irresponsible public debt management, being the State a serial defaulter until 1987. This prevented the budget deficits could be financed by sovereign debt issued on the stock exchanges, and forced the state to resort to banks (public and private). The new series of public debt banks portfolios evolution is explained by their pursuit of returns and by changes in banking regulation and financial repression, which favoured the bankingstatus quo. The paper analyses the causes of banking regulation, derived from the public borrowing policy and also from the banking lobbying strategy. It examines the consequences of the deadly banking-state embrace which brought about the interconnection between fiscal and banking crises.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENERAPAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN FINAL PASAL 4 AYAT 2 ATAS JASA KONSTRUKSI PADA PT. REALITA TIMUR PERKASA

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillary S.P Ratuela ◽  
Jullie J. Sondakh ◽  
Anneke Wangkar
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
The State ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
The Many ◽  
Tax Reporting ◽  
Construction Services

One source of domestic development financing is through the receipt of the tax sector which is one of the largest sources of revenue or income of the state. One type of tax is the Final Income Tax. Of the many taxpayers, construction services is one of the taxpayer, and one of the objects of the Final Income Tax. The purpose of this study is to analyze the implementation of the final income tax article 4 paragraph 2 on construction services at PT. Realita Timur Perkasa in this case concerning the calculation, cutting, deposit, and reporting of Final Income Tax Article 4 paragraph 2. The analytical method used is decriptive method. Based on the results of research obtained shows that the income tax rate Article 4 paragraph 2 that is charged by PT Realita Timur Perkasa that is 3%. For the implementation of tax obligations concerning tax reporting not yet in accordance with applicable taxation provisions. Should pay more attention to the provisions of taxation in this case the calculation, cutting, depositing, and reporting Income Tax Article 4 paragraph 2 of the construction services in order to be executed in accordance with applicable tax provisions. Keywords: Final Income Tax, Construction Services.

scholarly journals Budaya Kuliner sebagai Soft Power: Studi Perbandingan Thailand dan Korea Selatan

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Fazri Ramadhan ◽  
Teuku Rezasyah ◽  
Windy Dermawan
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
State Identity ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Study Techniques ◽  
The Many ◽  
Culinary Culture

Abstrak Kemunculan aktor non-negara dan banyaknya isu non-tradisional telah menyebabkan dibutuhkannya pendekatan baru dalam bidang diplomasi. Salah satu bidang tersebut adalah gastrodiplomasi yaitu jenis diplomasi publik yang menggunakan budaya kuliner sebagai daya tarik dan media diplomasi. Budaya kuliner dianggap mengandung citra negara dan mampu merepresentasikan negara dengan cara yang lebih halus dan mampu diterima oleh masyarakat. Berdasarkan penjelasan tersebut tulisan ini berfokus pada bagaimana budaya kuliner mampu mengenkapsulasi identias sebuah negara dan menjawab mengapa budaya kuliner dapat diterima dengan baik oleh masyarakat bahkan mampu mengubah citra. Penulis akan memberikan contoh penerapan gastrodiplomasi oleh Republik Korea dan Thailand sebagai contoh dan perspektif.Thailand dipilih karena negara pertama yang menerapkan gastrodiplomasi secara resmi sedangkan Republik Korea dipilih karena negara terbaru yang melakukan gastrodiplomasi. Pemaparan mengenai praktek gastrodiplomasi kedua negara tersebut dapat memberikan gambaran mengenai bagaimana identitas suatu negara ada dalam sebuah kuliner dan bagaimana gastrodiplomasi yang dilakukan mampu mempengaruhi opini publik. Riset ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik studi pustaka. Temuan dari riset ini yaitu bahwa dalam unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam budaya kuliner adalah nilai-nilai dan budaya suatu bangsa. Praktek gastrodiplomasi yang dilakukan kedua negara mampu diterima oleh masyarakat karena wujudnya yang cenderung tidak intimidatif yang pada akhirnya mampu merubah atau mempengaruhi opini publik. Kata kunci: budaya kuliner, gastrodiplomasi, identitas negara, non-tradisional, soft power   Abstract The emergence of non-state actors and the many non-traditional issues have led to the need for new approaches in the field of diplomacy. One such field is gastrodiplomacy, which uses culinary culture as main attraction. Culinary culture is considered to contain the image of the state and is able to represent the state  in a more refined and acceptable way. Based on this explanation, this study will focus on how culinary culture is able to encapsulate the image of a state and answer why culinary culture can be well received by society even able to change perception and opinion. The author will give an example the application of gastrodiplomacy by the Republic of Korea and Thailand as examples and perspectives. Thailand was chosen because it was the first country to practice gastrodiplomacy officially while the Republic of Korea was chosen because it is the latest country to practice gastrodiplomacy. Explanation on the practice of gastrodiplomacy by the two countries can provide an overview of how a country's identity exists in a culinary and how gastrodiplomacy can influence public opinion. This research uses qualitative methods with literature study techniques. The findings of this research are that the elements contained in culinary culture are the values ​​and culture of a nation. The practice of gastrodiplomacy by the two countries was able to be accepted by the community because of its tendency to be non-intimidating, which in turn was able to change or influence public opinion. Keywords: culinary culture, gastrodiplomacy, non-traditional, soft power, state identity

ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT STATE OF THE DOMESTIC PUBLIC DEBT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
B. Kh. ALIYEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
The State ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
Current State ◽  
Domestic Debt ◽  
Evolution Dynamics ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Internal Debt

The article analyzes the evolution, dynamics and structure, as well as assesses the state of the state internal debt of the Russian Federation for the period from 2013 to 2019. Significant growth in the volume of Russia's domestic debt and debt service costs is associated with the crisis state of the country's economy. The main indicators characterizing debt sustainability are considered. Conclusions are formulated about the regulation of public debt in the medium term.

scholarly journals The Taxation of Agriculture in the Republic of Serbia as a Factor of Development of Organic Agriculture

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goran Milošević ◽  
Mirko Kulić ◽  
Zvezdan Đurić ◽  
Olivera Đurić
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Economic Development And Growth ◽  
The Republic

Agricultural activity is very important for every country that strives to create a stimulating, stable, abundant, sustainable and equal business environment for all market participants. By striving for sustainable economic development and growth, as well as preservation of the ecosystem, organic agricultural production aims to produce high-quality food. Within the socio-economic space, the role of the state as a regulator of production and market relations is indispensable. The state often uses fiscal policy as an instrument for the regulation of relations in the sphere of production and trade. The level of the tax burden is of vital importance for achieving a sustainable level of agricultural development. From the aspect of the Serbian economy, the taxation of agriculture in the future period must be based on a system of tax incentives for organic production. In the long run, this can increase the volume of organic production and the use of healthy food in human nutrition.

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