scholarly journals Validating risk factor and chronic disease projections in the Future Adult Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
The Future ◽  
Adult Model

scholarly journals Loneliness, social isolation and healthcare utilisation in the general population

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Christiansen ◽  
S S Pedersen ◽  
C M Andersen ◽  
P Qualter ◽  
R Lund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
General Population ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Healthcare Utilisation ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression

Abstract Background The present prospective cohort study investigated the association of loneliness and social isolation with healthcare utilisation in the general population over time. We also investigated the synergistic effect of loneliness and social isolation on healthcare utilisation. Methods Data from the 2013 Danish “How are you?' survey (n = 29,472) were combined with individual-level register data from the National Danish Patient Registry and the Danish National Health Service Registry in a 6-year follow-up period (2013-2018). Negative binomial regression analyses were performed while adjusting for baseline demographics, chronic disease, and healthcare utilisation during the follow-up period. Results Loneliness was significantly associated with number of GP visits (incident-rate ratio (IRR) = 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.01, 1.13]), emergency admissions (IRR = 1.19, 95% CI [1.03, 1.37]) and number of hospital admission days (IRR = 1.32, 95% CI [1.08, 1.62]). No significant associations were found between social isolation and healthcare utilisation with one minor exception, in which social isolation was associated with less planned admissions (IRR = .88, 95% CI [.78, .99]). Finally, loneliness and social isolation demonstrated a synergistic effect on number of visits to the GP (IRR = .87, 95% CI [.78, .98]) and number of hospital admission days (IRR = .67, 95% CI [.45, .98]). Conclusions Our findings suggest that loneliness is a risk factor for primary and secondary healthcare utilisation, independently of social isolation, baseline demographics, chronic disease, and healthcare utilisation during the follow-up period. Key messages Loneliness is an independent risk factor for healthcare utilisation in the general population. Social isolation is not associated with healthcare utilisation in the general population.

scholarly journals Future Burden of Cancer Attributable to Current Modifiable Behaviours: A Pooled Study of Seven Australian Cohorts

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 5s-5s
Author(s):  
M.A. Laaksonen ◽  
M.E. Arriaga ◽  
K. Canfell ◽  
R.J. MacInnis ◽  
P. Hull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Premenopausal Breast Cancer ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Cancer Burden ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Burden

Background: The Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) quantifies the fraction of cancer cases attributable to specific exposures. PAF estimates for the future burden of cancer preventable through modifications to current exposure distributions are lacking. Previous PAF studies have also not compared population subgroup differences. Aim: To apply a novel PAF method and i) assess the future burden of cancer in Australia preventable through modifications to current behaviors, and ii) compare the distribution of the preventable cancer burden between population subgroups. Methods: We harmonized and pooled data from seven Australian cohort studies (N=367058) and linked them to national registries to identify cancers and deaths. We estimated the strength of the associations between behaviors and cancer incidence and death using a proportional hazards model, adjusting for age, sex, study and other risk factors. Exposure prevalence was estimated from contemporary national health surveys. We then combined these estimates to calculate PAFs and their 95% confidence intervals for both individual and joint behavior modifications using a novel method accounting for competing risk of death and risk factor interdependence. We also compared PAFs between population subgroups by calculating the 95% confidence interval of the difference in PAF estimates. Results: During the first 10 years of follow-up, there were 22078 deaths and 27483 incident cancers, including 2025 lung, 3471 colorectal, 640 premenopausal and 2632 postmenopausal breast cancers. The leading preventable cause for lung cancer is current smoking (PAF = 53.7%), for colorectal and postmenopausal breast cancer body fatness or BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (PAF = 11.1% and 10.9% respectively), and for premenopausal breast cancer regular alcohol intake (PAF = 12.3%). Three in five lung cancers, but only one in five colorectal and breast cancers, are jointly attributable to potentially modifiable exposures, which also included physical inactivity and inadequate fruit intake for lung, excessive alcohol intake and current smoking for colorectal, regular alcohol intake and current menopausal hormone therapy for 1 year or more for postmenopausal breast and current oral contraceptive use for 5 years or more for premenopausal breast cancer. The cancer burden attributable to modifiable factors is markedly higher in certain population subgroups, including men (lung, colorectal), people with risk factor clustering (lung, colorectal, breast), and individuals with low educational attainment (lung, breast). Conclusion: We provided up-to-date estimates of the future Australian cancer burden attributable to modifiable risk factors, and identified population subgroups that experience the highest preventable burden. Application of the novel PAF method can inform timely public health action to improve health and health equity, by identifying those with the most to gain from programs that support behavior change and early detection.

scholarly journals FRACTURE — A RISK FACTOR FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF OSTEOPENIA AND OSTEOPOROSIS

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Pobel
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Full Recovery ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Injured Limb ◽  
The Future ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Posttraumatic Osteopenia

Analyzed literature data demonstrates the influence of fracture in individuals of different age on the risk of post-traumatic osteopenia and osteoporosis, as well as increase in the risk of the recurrent fractures. It is proved that the fracture leads to a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) not only in the injured limb, but also other parts of the skeleton. In majority of prospective studies and metaanalysis it was shown that there is no full recovery of BMD after sustained fracture. Posttraumatic osteopenia and osteoporosis increase the risk of re-fracture in the future.

Ageing, multimorbidity, and daily functioning

2017 ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Barbara Gryglewska ◽  
Karolina Piotrowicz ◽  
Tomasz Grodzicki
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Prognosis ◽  
Clinical Measures

Multimorbidity is defined as any combination of a chronic disease with at least one other acute or chronic disease or biopsychosocial or somatic risk factor. Old age is a leading risk factor for multimorbidity. It has a negative impact on short- and long-term prognosis, patients’ cognitive and functional performance, self-care, independence, and quality of life. It substantially influences patients’ clinical management and increases healthcare-related costs. There is a great variety of clinical measures to assess multimorbidity; some are presented in this chapter. Despite its high prevalence in older adults, clinical guidelines for physicians managing patients with multimorbidity are underdeveloped and insufficient.

scholarly journals Preventing chronic disease risk factors: Rationale and feasibility

Medicina ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney Jordan ◽  
Megan Slater ◽  
Thomas Kottke
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hazardous Drinking ◽  
Chronic Disease Risk ◽  
Risk Factor Prevention

Objective. The majority of the mortality, morbidity, and disability in the United States and other developed countries is due to chronic diseases. These diseases could be prevented to a great extent with the elimination of four root causes: physical inactivity, poor nutrition, smoking, and hazardous drinking. The objective of this analysis was to determine whether efficacious risk factor prevention interventions exist and to examine the evidence that populationwide program implementation is justified. Materials and methods. We conducted a literature search for meta-analyses and systematic reviews of trials that tested interventions to increase physical activity, improve nutrition, reduce smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and reduce hazardous drinking. Results. We found that appropriately designed interventions can produce behavioral change for the four behaviors. Effective interventions included tailored fact-to-face counseling, phone counseling, and computerized tailored feedback. Computer-based health behavior assessment with feedback and education was documented to be an effective method of determining behavior, assessing participant interest in behavior change and delivering interventions. Some programs have documented reduced health care costs associated with intervention. Conclusions. Positive results to date suggest that further investments to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of chronic disease risk factor prevention programs are warranted. Widespread implementation of these programs could have a significant impact on chronic disease incidence rates and costs of health care.

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