scholarly journals Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in urinary tract infections; prevalence and antimicrobial resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e8-e8
Author(s):  
Raghad Abdulsalam Khaleel ◽  
Narjes Alfuraiji ◽  
Balsam Waleed Hussain ◽  
Maadh Fawzi Nassar ◽  
Farnoosh Ebrahimzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Mrsa Strains ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Urine Specimens

Introduction: The newly-launched strain of the Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, is considered the most emerging bacterium in-hospital infections globally. Objectives: The current research focused on the prevalence and virulence features of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) bacteria recovered from urinary tract infections (UTIs) cases. Patients and Methods: A total of 710 urine specimens were taken from hospitalized patients who suffered from UTIs. S. aureus was recovered from urine specimens using the microbial culture. S. aureus antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed toward oxacillin and cefoxitin antimicrobial disk to determine the MRSA strains. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assessed the distribution of antimicrobial resistance encoding genes. S. aureus antimicrobial resistance was evaluated by disk diffusion. Results: Fifty-five out of 710 (7.7%) urine specimens were positive for the MRSA bacteria. The uppermost antibiotic resistance was obtained against penicillin (100%), ceftaroline (100%), gentamicin (87.2%), erythromycin (76.3%), and ciprofloxacin (69.0%). BlaZ (100%) and tetK (85.4%) had the higher frequency amid examined antimicrobial resistance-encoding genes. Conclusion: The high prevalence of MRSA isolates harboring antimicrobial resistance-encoding genes in the UTIs suggests that diseases caused by them need more expansion healthcare monitoring with essential demand for novel antimicrobials.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and biofilm formation analysis of Staphylococcus aureus causing urinary tract infections in Tehran, Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (09) ◽  
pp. 777-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Goudarzi ◽  
Anis Mohammadi ◽  
Anahita Amirpour ◽  
Maryam Fazeli ◽  
Mohammad Javad Nasiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Pcr Screening ◽  
Mrsa Strains ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Spa Types

Introduction: Over the past decades, prevalence of biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus strains has significantly increased in urinary tract infections. The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence of biofilm forming and adhesion encoding genes and to analyze distribution of different agr and spa types in S. aureus isolates. Methodology: In the present study, 75 S. aureus isolates obtained from patients with urinary tract infections were examined for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Adhesion, biofilm, and spa encoding genes were detected by PCR screening; agr types were determined using multiplex PCR. Results: Among the 75 isolates, 72% were biofilm producers and 28% were non-biofilm producers. Notably, the ability to produce biofilm was higher among MRSA strains ompared to MSSA strains. The most prevalent biofilm forming gene was icaD (77.3%), followed by icaA (76%), icaB (57.3%) and icaC (50.7%). Adhesion genes clfA, clfB, fnbB, can, fnbA, ebp and bap were detected in 94.7%, 92%, 68%, 64%, 64%, 60% and 5.3% of the isolates, respectively. The spa types t426 and t7789 were found among the non-MDR isolates. It was found that t790, t084, t7789 and t325 spa types were biofilm producers, while t426 and t1339 spa types were non-biofilm producers. Conclusion: Biofilm encoding genes icaD and spa type t790 and agr type III were the most prevalent factors among MDR biofilm producer isolates. The study emphasized that identification of genes and characterization of molecular types involved in biofilm formation should be considered.

scholarly journals Human urine alters methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus virulence and transcriptome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Paudel ◽  
Kamal Bagale ◽  
Swapnil Patel ◽  
Nicholas J. Kooyers ◽  
Ritwij Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Tract Infections

Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging cause of hospital-associated urinary tract infections (UTI), especially in catheterized individuals. Despite being rare, MRSA UTI are prone to potentially life-threatening exacerbations such as bacteremia that can be refractory to routine antibiotic therapy. To delineate the molecular mechanisms governing MRSA urinary pathogenesis, we exposed three S. aureus clinical isolates, including two MRSA strains to human urine for 2h and analyzed virulence characteristics and changes in gene expression. The in vitro virulence assays showed that human urine rapidly alters adherence to human bladder epithelial cells and fibronectin, hemolysis of sheep RBCs, and surface hydrophobicity in a staphylococcal strain-specific manner. In addition, RNA-Seq analysis of uropathogenic strain MRSA-1369 revealed that 2h-long exposure to human urine alters MRSA transcriptome, by modifying expression of genes encoding enzymes catalyzing metabolic pathways, virulence factors, and transcriptional regulators. In summary, our results provide important insights into how human urine specifically and rapidly alters MRSA physiology and facilitates MRSA survival in the nutrient-limiting and hostile urinary microenvironment. Importance: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an uncommon cause of urinary tract infections (UTI) in the general population. However, it is important to understand MRSA pathophysiology in the urinary tract because isolation of MRSA in urine samples often precedes potentially life-threatening MRSA bacteremia. In this report, we describe how exposure to human urine alters MRSA global gene expression and virulence. We hypothesize that these alterations may aid MRSA in acclimating to the nutrient-limiting, immunologically hostile conditions within the urinary tract leading to MRSA-UTI.

scholarly journals Human urine alters methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus virulence and transcriptome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Paudel ◽  
Kamal Bagale ◽  
Swapnil Patel ◽  
Nicholas J. Kooyers ◽  
Ritwij Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Tract Infections

AbstractGram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging cause of hospital-associated urinary tract infections, especially in catheterized individuals. Despite being rare, MRSA-UTI are prone to potentially life-threatening exacerbations such as bacteremia that can be refractory to routine antibiotic therapy. Hence, MRSA-UTI is an important of research topic. To delineate molecular mechanisms governing MRSA urinary pathogenesis, we exposed three S. aureus strains, of which two were MRSA, to human urine and analyzed virulence characteristics and gene expression. We also analyzed MRSA-1369 transcriptome following cultivation in human urine for 2h. Our results reveal that human urine induces global changes in MRSA transcriptome, marked by changes in genes encoding proteins involved in metabolic pathways, virulence, and transcriptional regulators. In addition, in vitro assays also showed that human urine alters, in a strain-specific manner, adherence to human bladder epithelial cells and fibronectin, hemolysis of sheep RBCs, and surface hydrophobicity. In summary, our results provide first important insights into how the urine may specifically alter MRSA physiology in turn facilitating MRSA survival in the nutrient-limiting and hostile urinary microenvironment.ImportanceMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an uncommon cause of urinary tract infections (UTI) in the general population. However, it is important to understand MRSA pathophysiology in the urinary tract because isolation of MRSA in urine samples is often secondary to potentially life-threatening MRSA bacteremia. In this report, we describe that cultivation in human urine alters MRSA global gene expression and virulence. We hypothesize that these alterations may aid MRSA adapt to the nutrient-limiting, immunologically hostile conditions within the urinary tract.

Quantitative and bacteriological studies of urine specimens from canine and feline urinary tract infections

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 326-329
Author(s):  
R E Wooley ◽  
J L Blue
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Urine Specimens

The most prevalent microorganisms isolated from urine specimens of dogs (385) and cats (132) with clinical signs of urinary tract infections were Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of quantitative urine-culturing methods showed 48.6% of the canine and 12.1% of the feline specimens had more than 10(5) organisms per ml of urine. The bacteria isolated appear to have a greater resistance to antibacterial agents than previously reported.

scholarly journals Bacterial uropathogens and burden of antimicrobial resistance pattern in urine specimens referred to Ethiopian Public Health Institute

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259602
Author(s):  
Tesfa Addis ◽  
Yonas Mekonnen ◽  
Zeleke Ayenew ◽  
Surafel Fentaw ◽  
Habtamu Biazin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Urine Specimens

Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the leading causes of morbidity in the general population, and is the second most common infectious disease after respiratory infections. Appropriate antibiotic therapy is essential to achieving good therapeutic results. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the profile of pathogens cultured from urinary tract infections and to determine their resistance profiles to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Method A cross-sectional study was carried out at the National Referral Laboratory of the Ethiopian Institute of Public Health from January 2017 to December 2018. All positive cultures were characterized by colony morphology, Gram stain, and standard biochemical tests. The antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolate was performed using the Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion test on Muller-Hinton agar. In addition, bacterial identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and phenotypic detection of MDR were performed with VITEK 2 Compact according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Result Out of 1012 cultured urine specimens, 325 (32.1%) was showed significant bacteriuria. The overall prevalence of UTIs was 325(32.1%) and the highest prevalence rate was obtained from 21–30 years age group 73(22.5%). Among UTIs patients, 583(57.6%) were females and 429(42.4%) were males. The UTIs of 179 (55%) women is relatively higher than that of men 146 (45%). Among 325 isolates, Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) appeared more frequently 252 (51.7%) than Gram-positive bacteria 63 (19.4%). In GNB, E. coli 168(66.7%), Klebsiella species 32(12.7%), and Enterobacter species 13 (5.2%) were dominated isolates whereas in GPB accounted for coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) 33(52.4%), Enterococcus species 16(25.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus 10(15.9%). Major of the isolates showed high levels of antibiotic resistance to commonly prescribed antimicrobials. Imipenem, Amikacin, and Nitrofurantoin were the most sensitive antibiotics for Gram-negative isolates while Nitrofurantoin, clindamycin, and Gentamycin were effective against gram-positive uropathogens. Overall, 156/256(60.9%), 56/256(22.4%), 10/256(4%) of gram-negative isolates were MDR, XDR, and PDR respectively while among the GPB isolates, 34/63(53.1%), 10/63(15.8%), and 1/63(1.6%) were MDR, XDR, and PDR isolates respectively. Among the tested bacterial strains, 190/319 (59.5%) were MDR, 66/319 (20.7%) strains were XDR, and 11/319 (3.45%) were PDR isolated. Conclusion The prevalence of urinary tract infection was high, and Gram-negative organisms were the most common causes of UTIs in this study. It was found that the resistance to commonly used antibiotics is very high. Early detection and close monitoring of MDR, XDR, or even PDR bacterial strains must be started by all clinical microbiology laboratories to reduce the menace of antimicrobial resistance that is now a global problem.

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