Faculty Opinions recommendation of Nitromusk and polycyclic musk compounds as long-term inhibitors of cellular xenobiotic defense systems mediated by multidrug transporters.

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Ruderman
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Transporters ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Polycyclic Musk

scholarly journals Resistance and Adaptation of Bacteria to Non-Antibiotic Antibacterial Agents: Physical Stressors, Nanoparticles, and Bacteriophages

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 435
Author(s):  
Sada Raza ◽  
Kinga Matuła ◽  
Sylwia Karoń ◽  
Jan Paczesny
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria

Antimicrobial resistance is a significant threat to human health worldwide, forcing scientists to explore non-traditional antibacterial agents to support rapid interventions and combat the emergence and spread of drug resistant bacteria. Many new antibiotic-free approaches are being developed while the old ones are being revised, resulting in creating unique solutions that arise at the interface of physics, nanotechnology, and microbiology. Specifically, physical factors (e.g., pressure, temperature, UV light) are increasingly used for industrial sterilization. Nanoparticles (unmodified or in combination with toxic compounds) are also applied to circumvent in vivo drug resistance mechanisms in bacteria. Recently, bacteriophage-based treatments are also gaining momentum due to their high bactericidal activity and specificity. Although the number of novel approaches for tackling the antimicrobial resistance crisis is snowballing, it is still unclear if any proposed solutions would provide a long-term remedy. This review aims to provide a detailed overview of how bacteria acquire resistance against these non-antibiotic factors. We also discuss innate bacterial defense systems and how bacteriophages have evolved to tackle them.

scholarly journals Guide RNA categorization enables target site choice in Tn7-CRISPR-Cas transposons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Petassi ◽  
Shan-Chi Hsieh ◽  
Joseph E. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Site ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Cell Transfer ◽  
New Host ◽  
Guide Rna ◽  
Guide Rnas ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Genome Modification ◽  
Cell To Cell Transfer

SummaryCRISPR-Cas defense systems have been coopted multiple times in nature for guide RNA-directed transposition by Tn7-like elements. Prototypic Tn7 uses dedicated proteins for two targeting pathways, one targeting a neutral and conserved attachment site in the chromosome and a second directing transposition into mobile plasmids facilitating cell-to-cell transfer. We show that Tn7-CRISPR-Cas elements evolved a system of guide RNA categorization to accomplish the same two-pathway lifestyle. Selective regulation of specialized guide RNAs allows long-term memory for access to chromosomal sites upon entry into a new host, while conventional CRISPR features maintain the ability to continually acquire guide RNAs to new plasmid and phage targets. Transposon-encoded guide RNAs are also privatized to be recognized only by the transposon-adapted system working with selective regulation to guard against toxic self-targeting by endogenous CRISPR-Cas defense systems. This information reveals new avenues to engineer guide RNAs for enhanced CRISPR-Cas functionality for genome modification.

The Development of Chinese Nuclear Forces: Start of a Deep Transformation

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-93
Author(s):  
V. B. Kashin
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Potential ◽  
Nuclear Forces ◽  
Missile Defense ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
The Us ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Prevailing View

China is currently the only member of the UN Security Council that is actively increasing the quality and quantity of its nuclear potential. Exactly how far China is willing to go in developing its nuclear forces remains a subject of discussion. The prevailing view is that China is seeking to implement a limited increase in its nuclear arsenal in order to secure the potential for a guaranteed re taliation in the face of the US continuously improving its missile defense systems. Since late 1990s, the development of air and naval forces of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has been a subject of increased attention both in Asia and in the world at large. Nuclear potential was not perceived as a priority for China’s development of its military power and remained in the background. However, the events of recent years have shown that the world does not quite realize the true scale of China’s efforts in creating strategic nuclear forces. At this point, it can be perceived as a fait accompli that China has managed to implement most of its long-term program for the modernization of its nuclear forces without attracting too much attention from other major countries and, above all, from the world’s sole superpower.

The development of the Israeli national missile defense concept

2020 ◽  
Vol 701 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-88
Author(s):  
Joanna Zych
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Missile Defense ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Tier System ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

Over the last three decades, the Israeli missile defense concept has evolved significantly along with the emerging threats. As a result of long-term strategy, implemented in the 1990s, contemporary missile defense of Israel has been developed into a complex, multi-tier system aimed to match the country’s unique security needs. The purpose of this study is to determine the main directions of the development of the Israeli missile defense concept that have led to its current form. The study identifies key elements of the multi-layered missile defense architecture as well as their role in overall defense strategy of Israel. With the use of theoretical research methods, the period of 1991-2020 was examined in order to trace the development of new missile defense systems and the evolution of Israeli posture on the subject in relation to changing international situation. The author concludes that comprehensive anti-missile shield, consisting of Arrow-3, Arrow-2, David’s Sling and Iron Dome systems, provides Israel with solid defense against short, medium and long range missile threats and presents potential to be developed into one of the most advanced missile defense systems in the world.

scholarly journals An Overview of Physical Exercise and Antioxidant Supplementation Influences on Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Stress

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1528
Author(s):  
Shima Taherkhani ◽  
Kosar Valaei ◽  
Hamid Arazi ◽  
Katsuhiko Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems ◽  
Antioxidant Supplement ◽  
Antioxidant Supplements ◽  
Nutrition Strategy

One of the essential injuries caused by moderate to high-intensity and short-duration physical activities is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), damaging various body tissues such as skeletal muscle (SM). However, ROS is easily controlled by antioxidant defense systems during low to moderate intensity and long-term exercises. In stressful situations, antioxidant supplements are recommended to prevent ROS damage. We examined the response of SM to ROS generation during exercise using an antioxidant supplement treatment strategy in this study. The findings of this review research are paradoxical due to variances in antioxidant supplements dose and duration, intensity, length, frequency, types of exercise activities, and, in general, the lack of a regular exercise and nutrition strategy. As such, further research in this area is still being felt.

scholarly journals Supplemental Ferulic Acid Inhibits Total Body Irradiation-Mediated Bone Marrow Damage, Bone Mass Loss, Stem Cell Senescence, and Hematopoietic Defect in Mice by Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Systems

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1209
Author(s):  
Sajeev Wagle ◽  
Hyun-Jaung Sim ◽  
Govinda Bhattarai ◽  
Ki-Choon Choi ◽  
Sung-Ho Kook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Bone Mass Loss ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Ros Accumulation ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems ◽  
Total Body

While total body irradiation (TBI) is an everlasting curative therapy, the irradiation can cause long-term bone marrow (BM) injuries, along with senescence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) via reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damages. Thus, ameliorating or preventing ROS accumulation and oxidative stress is necessary for TBI-requiring clinical treatments. Here, we explored whether administration of ferulic acid, a dietary antioxidant, protects against TBI-mediated systemic damages, and examined the possible mechanisms therein. Sublethal TBI (5 Gy) decreased body growth, lifespan, and production of circulating blood cells in mice, together with ROS accumulation, and senescence induction of BM-conserved HSCs and MSCs. TBI also impaired BM microenvironment and bone mass accrual, which was accompanied by downregulated osteogenesis and by osteoclastogenic and adipogenic activation in BM. Long-term intraperitoneal injection of ferulic acid (50 mg/kg body weight, once per day for 37 consecutive days) protected mice from TBI-mediated mortality, stem cell senescence, and bone mass loss by restoring TBI-stimulated disorders in osteogenic, osteoclastic, and adipogenic activation in BM. In vitro experiments using BM stromal cells supported radioprotective effects of ferulic acid on TBI-mediated defects in proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Overall, treatment with ferulic acid prevented TBI-mediated liver damage and enhanced endogenous antioxidant defense systems in the liver and BM. Collectively, these results support an efficient protection of TBI-mediated systemic defects by supplemental ferulic acid, indicating its clinical usefulness for TBI-required patients.

scholarly journals Analysis of Fractures and Disability Defects Accidents in Lian Oil Company by Tripod Beta Technique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Akhavan ◽  
SH Salehi Reyhani ◽  
Gh Halvani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Defense Systems ◽  
Talented People ◽  
Oil Company

Introduction: Undoubtedly, the first step in controlling accidents is to analyze them to identify the root causes. In this study, the root causes of accidents leading to severe consequences have been analyzed using the beta tripod technique in Lian Oil Company. Materials and Methods: The research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, the events of 2020 in two barrel-making and barrel filling units of Lian Oil Refining and Trade Company have been investigated. The tripod-beta method is one of the methods of tracing the roots of accidents, which is widely used in the oil industry because of its special attitude towards the element of human error. Using investigator software, a tripod beta diagram related to three fracture and disability accidents was drawn and after recording and identifying the relevant causes and obstacles, corrective measures were taken to prevent similar accidents. The basis of accident control is the creation of appropriate control and defense systems in such a way as to prevent the interconnection and interaction of the risk factor and the target factor. Results: The results of this study show that non-compliance with safety principles due to reduced staff awareness and lack of long-term and short-term training are the root causes of accidents studied and had the highest impact on these events. 45% of cases were related to the cause of the accident. Other cases after training have had almost the same effect on the occurrence of events. Each of the cases accounted for 11% of the causes of the accidents.  Conclusion: Beta tripod technique is currently one of the best methods for tracing the roots of accidents. The results also indicate that effective measures in the normal time phase, i.e. employing more talented people, conducting training at the beginning of employment, and upstream perspective, i.e. operator coordination with hardware and methods of implementation in the phase of ideas and thinking and design will greatly prevent accidents.

Therapy and prevention for mental health: What if mental diseases are mostly not brain disorders?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. A. Ioannidis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
Labor Education ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Political Decisions

AbstractNeurobiology-based interventions for mental diseases and searches for useful biomarkers of treatment response have largely failed. Clinical trials should assess interventions related to environmental and social stressors, with long-term follow-up; social rather than biological endpoints; personalized outcomes; and suitable cluster, adaptive, and n-of-1 designs. Labor, education, financial, and other social/political decisions should be evaluated for their impacts on mental disease.

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