scholarly journals A Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus population: its recent increase and breeding data

Ornis Svecica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1–2) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Karl Gustav Schölin ◽  
Hans Källander

Before 1983, Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus never made up more than four pairs of the breeding population in a nestbox study carried out in South Central Sweden. From five breeding pairs in 1983, the population increased to 29 pairs in 2007 and remained high to the end of the study in 2011. Mean laying date was strongly correlated with mean April temperature, which increased during 1983–2011. During the same period mean laying date became nearly ten days earlier. Mean clutch size was 9.90 eggs but varied both within and between years and showed a negative relationship to population size. The mean number of fledglings varied strongly between years, partly because of predation but also due to nestling starvation.

The Auk ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 1013-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Tomás ◽  
Santiago Merino ◽  
Juan Moreno ◽  
Juan J. Sanz ◽  
Judith Morales ◽  
...  

Abstract We explored two hypotheses that may explain intraspecific variability in nest size. The “thermoregulatory” hypothesis states that species adjust nest size to maintain egg temperature and minimize temperature fluctuations in the nest. Recently, the suggestion has been made that nest size may reflect the health status or phenotypic quality of the builder, potentially making it a sexually selected trait (“sexual selection” hypothesis). For two years, we weighed nests of Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) at initiation of reproduction in a nest-box breeding population in central Spain. We recorded laying date, clutch size, incubation period, and hatching success. We measured and took blood samples of adult females when nestlings reached three days of age. General regression models controlling for potential variables that could affect nest weight revealed that prevalence of Trypanosoma avium and immunoglobulin levels in females were significantly related to nest weight in only one of the study years. Females not infected with Trypanosoma avium built heavier nests than infected ones, whereas female immunoglobulin levels were negatively associated with nest weight. Hatching success and duration of the incubation period were not related to nest weight in either year. Thus, our results do not support the thermoregulatory hypothesis and show that certain measures of female health are related to nest-building effort in some years, probably depending on environmental conditions. Peso del Nido y Estado de Salud de la Hembra en el Cyanistes caeruleus


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 170875 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Henderson ◽  
N. P. Evans ◽  
B. J. Heidinger ◽  
K. A. Herborn ◽  
K. E. Arnold

Glucocorticoids, including corticosterone (CORT), have been suggested to provide a physiological link between ecological conditions and fitness. Specifically, CORT, which is elevated in response to harsh conditions, is predicted to be correlated with reduced fitness. Yet, empirical studies show that CORT can be non-significantly, positively and negatively linked with fitness. Divergent environmental conditions between years or study systems may influence whether CORT is linked to fitness. To test this, we monitored free-living blue tits ( Cyanistes caeruleus ) during breeding over 3 years. We quantified foraging conditions during brood rearing, and examined whether they were correlated with parental baseline CORT and reproductive success. We then tested whether CORT predicted fitness. Elevated parental CORT was associated with lower temperatures, greater rainfall and lower territory-scale oak density. Whereas asynchrony with the caterpillar food peak was correlated with reduced nestling mass and fledging success, but not parental CORT. Only low temperatures were associated with both reduced nestling mass and elevated parental CORT. Despite this, parents with elevated CORT had lighter offspring in all years. Contrarily, in 2009 parental CORT was positively correlated with the number fledged. The absence of a direct link between the foraging conditions that reduce nestling quality and elevate parental CORT suggests that parental CORT may provide a holistic measure of conditions where parents are working harder to meet the demands of developing young. As the positive correlation between parental CORT and fledging success differed between years, this suggests that contrasting conditions between years can influence correlations between parental CORT and fitness. Ultimately, as CORT concentrations are intrinsically variable and linked to the prevalent conditions, studies that incorporate environmental harshness will improve our understanding of evolutionary endocrinology.


1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dahlin ◽  
U. N. Khan ◽  
A. H. Zafar ◽  
M. Saleem ◽  
M. A. Chaudhry ◽  
...  

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to assist conservation and improvement schemes in the Sahiwal breed of cattle in Pakistan. A data set, consisting of records of 244 pure Sahiwal breeding bulls and 5247 cows, the latter representing about 80% of all recorded Sahiwal cows in Pakistan born during a period covering about 20 years, was analysed with regard to inbreeding, additive relationships, effective population size and generation intervals. Average inbreeding coefficients of 1224 cows and 49 bulls, for which at least the grandparents and great-grandsires were known, were 0·043 and 0·046, respectively. About two-thirds of the inbreeding was due to matings between animals with parents or grandparents in common. The mean additive relationship among the cows was 0·062, with within-herd averages ranging from 0·087 to 0·358. The average population size in a subdata set of recorded Sahiwal cattle from 1980 to 1984 was 1612, whereas the most likely estimate of the effective population size was about 30 animals for the same active breeding population. The study indicated the immediate need for an active conservation programme whereby the Sahiwal subpopulations of India and Kenya also should be involved.


2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Jeanne Holveck ◽  
Romain Guerreiro ◽  
Philippe Perret ◽  
Claire Doutrelant ◽  
Arnaud Grégoire

AbstractSeveral selection pressures may explain the evolution of avian eggshell coloration patterns. In cavity-nesting species, there are two main non-exclusive hypotheses. The sexually selected eggshell colour hypothesis proposes that eggshell coloration is a sexually selected signal of female and offspring quality used by males that influences paternal care or future re-mating decisions. The structural function hypothesis proposes that pigments help strengthen the eggshell and are present at higher levels and at the blunt end of the egg when females face calcium shortages. We tested whether eggshell coloration (brown spots on a white ground colour) in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) could reliably indicate female condition at laying by forcing females to produce two consecutive clutches, thus increasing their reproductive costs. Three measures of eggshell coloration – the area covered by spots as well as white ground UV-chroma and brightness – changed between clutches; the fourth measure, spot distribution, did not. The changes were more dramatic in young and lower-quality females. All the measures varied with female quality (i.e. body condition and/or laying date). Overall, higher-quality females produced more colourful (larger, more concentrated spotted surface area; higher UV-chroma) and less bright (i.e. putatively more pigmented) eggshells, a result that is generally in line with past research. We found a clear empirical link between eggshell coloration and female condition in blue tits, an important step in determining whether eggshell coloration is a sexual signal, but which does not exclude a potential concomitant structural function.


2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław K. Nowakowski ◽  
Jacek Chruściel ◽  
Krzysztof Muś

AbstractNowakowski J.K., Chruściel J., Muś K.: Does mist-netting provide reliable data to determine the sex and age ratios of migrating birds? A case study involving the Great Tit (Parus major) and the Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus). Ekologia (Bratislava), Vol. 32, No. 2, p. 173-185 , 2013.Ringing results of tits caught at two stations on the Polish Baltic coast were used to check if mistnetting could be successfully used to analyse the composition of sex and age classes of migrating birds. Four hypotheses are discussed, describing the distribution of age and sex classes during migration, and the consequences these distributions might have for the catching results. We analysed records of 59 000 Blue Tits and more than 84 000 Great Tits that were caught and we found a similarity in the results of catches at stations 188 km apart, and a higher similarity among catching sites 0.5-16 km apart. These results proved that mist-netting provides reliable data on the sex and age structure of migrating flocks, and that these data can generally be interpreted as representative for at least the area in a radius of more than 10 km. The results also showed a migratory divide through the central part of the Polish Baltic coastline between irruptive Blue Tits in the west and regular partial migrants in the east. Great Tits showed no tendency for irruptions anywhere in the study area. A high correspondence in the age and sex ratio was found for Great Tits and Blue Tits, in particular where both species are regular migrants. We found that the ratios of females and immatures did not differ by more than 1% over many years of study in these areas.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. John Ralph ◽  
Jared Wolfe

Birds found outside their typical range, or vagrants, have fascinated naturalists for decades. Despite broad interest in vagrancy, few attempts have been made to statistically examine the explanatory variables potentially responsible for the phenomenon. In this study, we used multiple linear regression to model the occurrence of 28 rare warbler species (family Parulidae) in autumn in northern California and southern Oregon as a function of migration distance, continental population size, distance, and bearing to both closest breeding population and breeding population center. In addition to our predictive model, we used capture data from the California coast to 300 km inland to examine relationships between the presence of vagrant warblers, regional warbler species richness and age class distribution. Our study yielded three important results: (1) vagrancy is strongly correlated with larger North American population size and secondarily by longer migration distance; (2) vagrants are more common at some coastal sites; and (3) where young birds are over-represented, vagrants tend to occur – such as on the coast and at far inland sites. Of the many explanations of rare and vagrant individuals, we feel that the most likely is that these birds represent the ends of the distributions of a normal curve of migration direction, bringing some few migrants to locations out of their normal migratory range as vagrants. We also examine the underrepresented species that, according to our model, are overdue for being recorded in our study area.


The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zachariah Peery ◽  
Steven R. Beissinger ◽  
Scott H. Newman ◽  
Benjamin H. Becker ◽  
Esther Burkett ◽  
...  

AbstractWe studied the inland flight behavior of 46 radio-marked Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in 2000 and 2001 in central California to determine how the frequency of inland flights varied among individuals and over time. All breeding murrelets regularly flew inland (mean 82% of daily surveys), but we observed considerable variation in the inland flight behavior of non-nesters. Non-nesters that were physiologically in breeding condition (potential breeders) regularly flew inland (90% of individuals; mean 41% of daily surveys), but non-nesters that were not in breeding condition (nonbreeders) rarely flew inland (20% of individuals; mean 1% of daily surveys). The mean percentage of surveys on which individual murrelets flew inland increased from 20% in 2000 to 61% in 2001, which was partly due to an increase in the percentage of breeders from 11% in 2000 to 50% in 2001. The frequency of inland flights was greatest during the incubation and chick- provisioning stages (100% in both stages), and lowest during the pre- and postbreeding stages (70% and 78%, respectively). Although the mean percentage of flights increased dramatically between years, the regional population estimate from at-sea surveys increased only 28% from 496 to 637 individuals during the same period, indicating that monitoring techniques such as radar that count inland flights are more likely to reflect annual variation in breeding effort than changes in regional population size. Moreover, the inland flight behavior of potential breeders indicates that radar surveys will overestimate breeding population size, even though the lack of inland flights by nonbreeders indicates that radar surveys will underestimate regional population size.Variación Individual y Temporal en el Comportamiento de Vuelo Tierra Adentro de Brachyramphus marmoratus: Implicancias para el Monitoreo de PoblacionesResumen. Estudiamos el comportamiento de vuelo tierra adentro de 46 individuos de Brachyramphus marmoratus marcados con radio transmisores durante el 2000 y 2001 en California central para determinar cómo la frecuencia de vuelos tierra adentro varió entre individuos y a lo largo del tiempo. Todos los individuos reproductivos de B. marmoratus volaron regularmente tierra adentro (media 82% de los muestreos diarios), pero observamos considerable variación en el comportamiento de vuelo tierra adentro en los individuos que no nidificaban. Los individuos que no nidificaban pero que se encontraban fisiológicamente en condición reproductiva (reproductores potenciales) volaron regularmente tierra adentro (90% de los individuos; media 41% de los muestreos diarios), pero los individuos que no nidificaban y que no se encontraban en condición reproductiva raramente volaron tierra adentro (20% de los individuos; media 1% de los muestreos diarios). El porcentaje medio de los muestreos en los cuales los individuos de B. marmoratus volaron tierra adentro incrementó de un 20% en el 2000 a un 61% en el 2001, lo que se debió parcialmente a un incremento en el porcentaje de individuos reproductivos de un 11% en el 2000 a un 50% en el 2001. La frecuencia de vuelos tierra adentro fue mayor durante las etapas de incubación y suministro de alimento a los pichones (100% en ambas etapas), y fue menor durante las etapas pre- y post-reproductivas (70% y 78%, respectivamente). Aunque la proporción media de vuelos incrementó dramáticamente entre años, la población regional estimada a partir de muestreos en el mar incrementó sólo 28% de 496 a 637 individuos durante el mismo período, indicando que las técnicas de monitoreo como el radar, que cuentan los vuelos tierra adentro, tienen una mayor probabilidad de reflejar la variación anual en el esfuerzo reproductivo que en los cambios de tamaño poblacional regional. Más aún, el comportamiento de vuelo tierra adentro de los reproductores potenciales indica que los muestreos con radar sobrestimarán el tamaño poblacional reproductivo, a pesar de que la falta de vuelos tierra adentro por parte de individuos no reproductivos indica que los muestreos con radar subestimarán el tamaño poblacional regional.


The Auk ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-547
Author(s):  
Anna L. K. Nilsson ◽  
Thomas Alerstam ◽  
Jan-Åke Nilsson

AbstractPartial migration is often considered a transitory stage between migration and residency, and whether partial migrants take weather conditions into account during migration is largely unknown. To assess whether partial migrants differ from regular migrants in their responses to weather, we compared the migratory intensity of a partial migrant, the Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), with more regular migrants in relation to weather at a migratory passage site in southern Sweden (Falsterbo) during the years 1993–2002. The regular migrants in the study were Linnet (Carduelis cannabina), Common Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), Brambling (F. montifringilla), and European Robin (Erithacus rubecula). The Blue Tit differed from the regular migrants mainly in showing a striking negative correlation between migratory activity and cloud cover. Also, weather had the highest explanatory power for migratory intensity in the Blue Tit. This suggests that the Blue Tit is more sensitive to weather conditions on migration than the regular migrants and that it preferably awaits days with wholly or partly clear skies before migrating past Falsterbo. As a consequence, Blue Tits usually restrict their migratory flights to the safest occasions, with relatively calm weather, good visibility, and all orientation cues (solar as well as magnetic) available.¿Difieren los Migrantes Parciales y Regulares en sus Respuestas al Clima?


2016 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mehdi Amininasab ◽  
Oscar Vedder ◽  
Elske Schut ◽  
Berber de Jong ◽  
Michael J.L. Magrath ◽  
...  

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liisa Hämäläinen ◽  
Hannah M. Rowland ◽  
Johanna Mappes ◽  
Rose Thorogood

Video playback provides a promising method to study social interactions, and the number of video playback experiments has been growing in recent years. Using videos has advantages over live individuals as it increases the repeatability of demonstrations, and enables researchers to manipulate the features of the presented stimulus. How observers respond to video playback might, however, differ among species, and the efficacy of video playback should be validated by investigating if individuals’ responses to videos are comparable to their responses to live demonstrators. Here, we use a novel foraging task to compare blue tits’ (Cyanistes caeruleus) responses to social information from a live conspecific vs video playback. Birds first received social information about the location of food, and were then presented with a three-choice foraging task where they could search for food from locations marked with different symbols (cross, square, plain white). Two control groups saw only a foraging tray with similar symbols but no information about the location of food. We predicted that socially educated birds would prefer the same location where a demonstrator had foraged, but we found no evidence that birds copied a demonstrator’s choice, regardless of how social information was presented. Social information, however, had an influence on blue tits’ foraging choices, as socially educated birds seemed to form a stronger preference for a square symbol (against two other options, cross and plain white) than the control birds. Our results suggest that blue tits respond to video playback of a conspecific similarly as to a live bird, but how they use this social information in their foraging decisions, remains unclear.


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