scholarly journals Understanding child abuse in rural and urban America: risk factors and maltreatment substantiation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Walsh ◽  
Marybeth Mattingly
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Urban America ◽  
Rural And Urban

scholarly journals Geographical profiles of cardiovascular risk and the risk factors in China: data from a nationwide population-based screening project

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C.Q Wu ◽  
X Li ◽  
J.P Lu ◽  
B.W Chen ◽  
Y.C Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Food Factor ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Activity Factor

Abstract Background In China, an abundance of cardiovascular risk factors has contributed to the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which caused almost 4 million deaths per year. However, comprehensive evidence on the geographical profiles of cardiovascular disease risk in China is lacking, as findings in prior studies have been limited to relatively small sample sizes, had incomplete regional coverage, or focused on a narrow risk factor spectrum. Purpose To compare the population CVD risk among different regions across China, and to describe the geographical distributions of CVD risk factors and their clusters throughout the nation. Methods In a nationwide population-based screening project covering 252 counties of China, standardized measurements were conducted to collect information on 12 major CVD risk factors. Individuals of high CVD risk were identified as those with previous CVD, or with a predicted 10-year risk of CVD greater than 10% according to the WHO risk prediction charts. We applied factor analysis to generate “clusters” that characterized the clustering of these risk factors, then explored their relationship with the local ambient temperature and per capital GDP. Results Among 983476 participants included, 9.2% were of high CVD risk, with a range of 1.6% to 23.6% across counties. Among the seven regions in China, the rate was relatively high in the Northeast (11.8%) and North China (10.4%), while low in the South China (7.2%) and Northwest (7.8%). We identified 6 clusters underlying CVD risk factors, including Obesity factor, Blood pressure factor, Staple food factor, Non-staple food factor, Smoking and alcohol factor, and Metabolic and physical activity factor (Figure). We found high risk regions were facing different leading challenges, like obesity and blood pressure for the North China, while unhealthy non-staple food for the Northeast. The South China, as the region with the lowest CVD risk, still had the highest prevalence of unhealthy staple food. Lower annual average ambient temperature was associated with higher risk in Blood pressure factor, Obesity factor and Non-staple food factor, but lower risk in Staple food factor and Metabolic and physical activity factor (p<0.001 for all), consistently between rural and urban. Higher per capital GDP was associated with lower risk in Non-staple food factor in urban and higher risk in Metabolic and physical activity factor in rural (p<0.05 for both). The correlation between per capital GDP and Smoking and alcohol factor differed significantly between in rural and urban regions (p=0.042). Conclusions The geographical profile of CVD risk in China is complex - population risk levels varied substantially across regions, which were contributed by different risk factors. China needs geographically targeted intervention strategies considering environmental and socio-economic factors to control CVD risk and reduce the burden related to CVD. Geographical disparity of risk clusters Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The National Key Research and Development Program from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China; the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Science

Area-level risk factors for heat-related illness in rural and urban locations across North Carolina, USA

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret M. Kovach ◽  
Charles E. Konrad ◽  
Christopher M. Fuhrmann
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Rural And Urban

scholarly journals Risk factors for Anopheles mosquitoes in rural and urban areas of Blantyre District, southern Malawi

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Themba Mzilahowa ◽  
Madalitso Luka-Banda ◽  
Veronica Uzalili ◽  
Don P. Mathanga ◽  
Carl H. Campbell Jr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

scholarly journals School staff perpetration of physical violence against students in Uganda: a multilevel analysis of risk factors

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e015567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine G Merrill ◽  
Louise Knight ◽  
Judith R Glynn ◽  
Elizabeth Allen ◽  
Dipak Naker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
School Staff ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Physical Discipline ◽  
Violence Perpetration

ObjectiveTo conduct a multilevel analysis of risk factors for physical violence perpetration by school staff against Ugandan students.DesignMultilevel logistic regression analysis of cross-sectional survey data from 499 staff and 828 caregivers of students at 38 primary schools, collected in 2012 and 2014 during the Good Schools Study.SettingLuwero District, Uganda.Main outcome measurePast-week use of physical violence by school staff against students was measured using the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect 'Child Abuse Screening Tool- Child International' and the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women.ResultsOf 499 staff, 215 (43%) reported perpetration of physical violence against students in the past week. Individual risk factors associated with physical violence perpetration included being a teacher versus another type of staff member (p<0.001), approving of physical discipline practices (p<0.001), having children (p<0.01), being age 30–39 years (p<0.05), using physical violence against non-students (p<0.05) and being a victim of intimate partner violence (IPV) (p<0.05). We observed weak evidence (p=0.06) that male staff members who had been a victim of IPV showed higher odds of violence perpetration compared with male staff who had not been a victim of IPV. No evidence was observed for school- or community-level risk factors.ConclusionsPhysical violence perpetration from school staff is widespread, and interventions are needed to address this issue. Staff who have been victims of violence and who use violence against people other than students may benefit from additional interventions. Researchers should further investigate how school and community contexts influence staff’s physical violence usage, given a lack of associations observed in this study.

scholarly journals The prevalence and risk factors for cataract in rural and urban India

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv Raman ◽  
Sumeer Singh ◽  
Shahina Pardhan ◽  
Vaitheeswaran Kulothungan ◽  
Gayathri Swaminathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban India

scholarly journals A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE OF TUBERCULOISIS AMONG RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION OF UDAIPUR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Ganesh Salvi ◽  
Rakhi Luthra
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Tuberculosis Risk

AIM: To assess the knowledge regarding Tuberculosis cause, spread, types and duration of treatment among rural and urban population of Udaipur, Rajasthan. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted during January to March 2020 in OPD’s of PHC and UHC of Udaipur city. Total of 216 participants were included. Results: Our study showed that 30.09% were believed that Tb spread form Air, 42.22% were aware about Pulmonary tuberculosis and 53.24% were know that treatment of Tb lasts for 6 months. Conclusion: There is a need to aware people more about Tuberculosis risk factors, symptoms and treatment.

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